APPLICATION OF THE DR3M WATERSHED MODEL ON A SMALL URBAN BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Data collected at a 79-acre urban watershed in Albuquerque, New Mexico, were used to calibrate and verify the Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model, a parametric watershed model. Standard errors of estimate for the 38 calibration storms were 33 percent and 38 percent, respectively, for volumes and peaks; and for the 46 verification storms were 29 percent and 37 percent, respectively, for volumes and peaks. Correlation coefficients for peaks were 0.8 and 0.95, respectively, for calibration and verification storms.     

SIMULATION OF THE EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON BASIN STREAMFLOW1

ABSTRACT: The hydrologic modeling of streamflow in the Waterford River Basin has been conducted as part of comprehensive investigations of the effects of urbanization on water resources in the basin. Using a detailed input data base, continuous simulation of streamflow in the study area has been done by means of the HSPF model, which has been calibrated for the existing conditions and then applied to several future land use scenarios. The basin climate and geology contribute to high conversion of precipitation into streamflow under the existing conditions. Consequently, future urban development in the study basin should not increase the annual streamflow, but would contribute to increases in peak flows and the incidence of flooding because of the increased speed of runoff. If the impervious area in the basin is doubled, the peak flows may increase by about 20 percent.     

Application of an evolutionary algorithm to the inverse parameter estimation of an individual-based model

Inverse parameter estimation of individual-based models (IBMs) is a research area which is still in its infancy, in a context where conventional statistical methods are not well suited to confront this type of models with data. In this paper, we propose an original evolutionary algorithm which is designed for the calibration of complex IBMs, i.e. characterized by high stochasticity, parameter uncertainty and numerous non-linear interactions between parameters and model output. Our algorithm corresponds to a variant of the population-based incremental learning (PBIL) genetic algorithm, with a specific “optimal individual” operator. The method is presented in detail and applied to the individual-based model OSMOSE. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated and estimated parameters are compared with an independent manual calibration. The results show that automated and convergent methods for inverse parameter estimation are a significant improvement to existing ad hoc methods for the calibration of IBMs.     

气相色谱法对本底大气氧化亚氮浓度的标气定量方法研究

利用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器法(GC-ECD)测量大气中氧化亚氮(N_2O)浓度是目前广泛使用的方法,但ECD分析N_2O时存在线性范围较窄的缺点,因此,标气数量和定量方式是决定分析结果的关键因素.基于此,本文对比分析了单点线性校正法(S)、多点线性拟合法(D)、单瓶标气近似校正法(SA)、单瓶标气比值校正法(SC)对N_2O检测分析结果的差异.结果表明,SA定量相对误差最小,对测试使用的6瓶标气定值平均误差为0.09×10~(-9).根据本底大气N_2O观测精度要求,以及我国大气N_2O浓度变化范围较大的特征,推荐选用SA法对大气中N_2O浓度进行定值.依据所选方法对黑龙江龙凤山本底站大气N_2O浓度进行观测(2015年1—12月),结果显示,黑龙江龙凤山站大气N_2O浓度最高值出现在4—5月,平均值超过330×10~(-9).该站大气N_2O浓度主要受人为活动排放的影响.     

烟尘测试中体积相对误差的校验方法

对在烟尘测试中采样体积相对误差产生的原因进行了分析,提出了检验方法。并通过实例验证了本方法的可行性。     

电磁信息观测仪的标定

本文根据电磁信息观测手段的实际工作需要,简明地阐述了电磁信息观测仪的标定意义,标定精度要求及基本标定方法。为电磁信息资料的定量分析做了一些基础性的工作。     

环境行业标准方法测定COD的PLS改进

文章采用偏最小二乘法改进校正模型,在测定COD值的高量程和低量程范围内分别建立PLS模型,预测结果与GB法测定COD值的相对误差为4.47%和4.09%,具有较好的一致性。研究解决了环境行业标准快速消解分光光度法测定水质化学需氧量中直线拟合回归不确定性的问题。     

加速度场中六维力传感器研制

针对加速度场中惯性效应对六维力测量的影响,提出一体化平面结构的六维力传感器设计思想,从传感器结构设计、标定方法等方面进行了详细介绍,为解决多维加速度场中六维力的测量问题和综合离心试验所需多维力传感器设计提供理论与方法指导。     

MODELING THE HYDROCHEMISTRY OF THE CANNONSVILLE WATERSHED WITH GENERALIZED WATERSHED LOADING FUNCTIONS (GWLF)1

ABSTRACT: A previous modeling study used the Generalized Watershed Loading Functions (GWLF) model to simulate stream‐flow, and nutrient and sediment loads to Cannonsville Reservoir from the West Branch Delaware River (WBDR). We made several model revisions, calibrated key parameters, and tested the original GWLF model and a revised GWLF model using more recent data. Model revisions included: addition of unsaturated leakage between unsaturated and saturated subsurface reservoirs; revised timing of sediment export; inclusion of urban sediments and dissolved nutrients; tracking of particulate nutrients from point sources; and revised timing of septic system loads. The revision of sediment yield timing resulted in significant improvements in monthly sediment and particulate phosphorus predictions as compared to the original model. Addition of unsaturated leakage improved hydrologic predictions during low flow months. The other model changes improve realism without adding significant model complexity or data requirements. Goodness of fit of revised model predictions versus stream measurements, as measured by the Nash‐Sutcliff coefficient of model efficiency, exceeded 0.8 for streamflow‐0.7 for sediment yield and dissolved nitrogen (N) and 0.6 for particulate and dissolved phosphorus (P). The revised GWLF model, with limited calibration, provides reasonable estimates of monthly streamflow, and nutrient and sediment loads in the Cannonsville watershed.     

环境监测校准曲线制作和应用研究

对校准曲线的制作和应用中的有关问题进行了研究，为正确使用校准曲线提供科学参考。