Measurement Diagnostics by Analysis of Last Digits

Though measurement instruments and methods have their natural precision limits, long term monitoring, which is so importantfor environmental studies, requires to set up and maintaincertain standards regarding precision. The elementaryrequirement is to produce measurements with a prescribed numberof valid digits. If the technology further develops and allowsto increase the number of valid digits, the change should bedocumented. In this paper we discuss a simple procedure for validity assessment of the last digits of data in a data base.It may be useful for both calibration control of an instrumentas well as for preliminary data analysis in scientific studies.The procedure utilizes the assumption that, under normalconditions, the last digits of the observed data can usually beconsidered as uniformly distributed random numbers. Failures ordeliberate changes in the observation mechanism can be detectedif particular digits occur more frequently than the others. Thedecision about proper representations of the last digits is doneby means of the familiar chi-square statistics.     

改进GC/FID法连续观测大气中CO浓度

改进装配有氢火焰离子化检测器(即FID)的气相色谱仪(GC),可连续监测大气中痕量气体CO浓度.本系统采用单阀双柱反吹进样技术,优选前置柱能更有效地剔除杂质,提高了分析柱效率,保持色谱基线平稳,提高分辨率和定量分析的准确率.优化后的气路设计与色谱柱的改进,使GC/FID对CO的最低检出限达到10×10-9、精密度误差小于2%,准确度在±2%之内.将气相色谱与动态气体稀释仪耦合使系统能够自动进行工作曲线校准,系统自动采样、分析和标定,无需人员职守.对北京大气CO连续观测结果表明,北京大气CO浓度变化受气象要素与排放源双重控制.     

在线大气汞分析仪渗透管标定方法研究

为了实现在线大气汞分析仪的自动标定,本文选用商用的汞渗透管,自主设计了渗透恒温装置(控温精度为0.1℃),搭建了大气汞分析仪的标定模块,利用该模块建立了3种标定方法.与本实验组研发的在线大气汞分析仪联用对3种方法进行对比研究.①稀释气法:与经典的渗透管动态配气法相同,通过改变稀释气体流量(1-5 L,精度为20 mL)...     

Comparison of Evapotranspiration Simulation Performance by APEX Model in Dryland and Irrigated Cropping Systems

Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is essential to improve water use efficiency of crop production systems managed under different water regimes. The Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model was used to simulate ET using four potential ET (ET_p) methods. The objectives were to determine sensitive ET parameters in dryland and irrigated cropping systems and compare ET simulation in the two systems using multiple performance criteria. Measured ET and crop yield data from lysimeter fields located in the United States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research Service Bushland, Texas were used for evaluation. The number of sensitive parameters was higher for dryland (11–14) than irrigated cropping systems (6–8). Only four input parameters: soil evaporation plant cover factor, root growth soil strength, maximum rain intercept, and rain intercept coefficient were sensitive in both cropping systems. Overall, it is possible to find a set of robust parameter values to simulate ET accurately in APEX in both cropping systems using any ET_p method. However, more computation time is required for dryland than irrigated cropping system due to a relatively larger number of sensitive input parameters. When all inputs are available, the Penman–Monteith method takes the shortest computation time to obtain one model run with robust parameter values in both cropping systems. However, in areas with limited datasets, one can still obtain reasonable ET simulations using either Priestley–Taylor or Hargreaves. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

标准气溶胶发生系统的建立与性能评估

针对气溶胶测量仪器校准和实验室气溶胶光学特性研究的需求,搭建了一套标准气溶胶发生系统,并对其性能开展了测试研究.系统采用恒定流量的雾化器产生气溶胶,经过扩散干燥管干燥以及电荷中和器带电中和后,产生标准气溶胶粒子.利用氯化钠样品对系统的性能进行了测试,结果表明,当样品溶液浓度增加时,系统雾化产生粒子的数浓度和粒径均随之增加;当载气气压增加,系统雾化产生粒子的数浓度随之增加,而粒径随之减小.在测试时间内,系统发生的多分散气溶胶粒子的几何平均粒径波动小于1%,总粒子数浓度波动小于2%,单分散气溶胶粒子数浓度的稳定性好于4%.     

参数空间分布对非点源污染模拟的影响

以大宁河流域为研究区域,应用非点源模型SWAT（soil and water assessment tool）,模拟了参数空间分布对流域径流和营养物质流失的影响.利用大宁河流域巫溪水文站2000～2004年的实测数据对模型进行了率定和验证,将流域划分为6种数量不等的子流域,利用相同的模型参数输入,模拟了不同的流域划分方案对径流和营养物质流失的影响.结果表明,不同的流域划分方案,年平均流量的最大相对误差为19.6%,6种方案年平均流量的效率系数为0.52～0.82,月平均流量的效率系数为0.80～0.83,随着子流域数量的增加,径流量出现了先下降、后上升的趋势;有机氮和有机磷的最大相对误差分别为16.2%和7.7%,不同的流域划分方案对营养物质的流失产生了轻微的影响,但没有明显的变化趋势和规律.     

活性污泥法动力学模型应用中的参数校核

对国际水协的活性污泥法动力学模型在应用中遇到的参数校核问题进行研究 ,总结了目前常用的三种方法 :专家法、灵敏度分析法和过程工程 (ProcessEngineering)法。分析了每种方法的原理、优点和不足之处 ,列举了实际应用的例子。     

UBET在圆环压缩中的应用及绘制理论校准曲线精度的讨论

将UBET用于求解压缩圆环问题 ,可简便快速地取得上限解 ;进而采用该解绘制塑性加工中测量摩擦系数的理论校准曲线。对中性层的位置进行了精确求解 ;分析了绘制理论校准曲线时 ,总压缩量、压缩步长量等参数对其结果的影响     

介绍一种新编制的环境试验用相对湿度查算表

介绍了一种新的环境试验用相对湿度查算表及其编制目的、编制方法,该查算表用较小的篇幅实现更宽的温度和相对湿度的查算范围(与GB6999鄄86《环境试验用相对湿度查算表》比较)。该查算表中对风速与大气压的修正方法有与其他查算表不同的特点,它对提高相对湿度测量(查算)精度有一定的作用。     

Some statistical and conceptual issues in the detection of low-level environmental pollutants

With increasing concern over chemicals that are potential health hazards at low levels, determination of limits of detection have undergone considerable scrutiny. Most traditional detection limit estimators suffer from extensive statistical and/or conceptual limitations. In this paper, traditional detection limit estimators are described and critically evaluated. Using the terminology of Currie (1968), methods are categorized into decision limits versus detection limits. The methods are further categorized into single concentration design versus calibration design methodologies. While the single concentration design methods are useful for fixing ideas and clarifying definitions, they are shown to be extremely limited in practice since dependence of variability on concentration can neither be estimated or incorporated. Calibration-based detection limit estimators are described, compared and contrasted. Generalizations to non-constant variance, multiple future detection decisions and simultaneous control of Type I and II errors are provided. The various calibration-based methods are illustrated using real data and experimental design issues for detection limit studies discussed.