黔中地区不同林龄马尾松小气候特征研究

以黔中地区不同林龄马尾松人工林为研究对象,采用时空替代法,选取农田（对照）、林窗、中林龄、近熟林、成熟林和过熟林6个样地,每月选择代表日分时段测量光照强度、光通量密度、气温、相对湿度、蒸气压亏损和风速等小气候指标,同时对样地内不同垂直高度（0.5,1.0和1.5m）观测指标进行比较.结果表明：（1）除风速随测量高度变化（1.5m > 1.0m > 0.5m）差异极显著外（P<0.01）,其余观测指标随测量高度均无显著差异（P>0.05）.（2）观测时段内,不同林龄马尾松林小气候均存在显著性差异（P<0.05）,其中光照强度、光通量密度、气温、蒸气压亏损和风速变化为农田 > 林窗 > 马尾松林;相对湿度变化为马尾松林 > 林窗 > 农田.（3）与农田相比,马尾松林分别降低了光照强度、光通量密度、气温、蒸气压亏损和风速的917.36%、837.35%、5.33%、30.77%、193.58%,增加了6.39%的相对湿度,具有显著的遮阳降温、增湿保湿、维持林冠下小气候稳定的作用.在演替前期,抵挡阳光和风速的效果明显,而在后期,降温增湿以及保湿效果显著.舒适度评价显示,除冬季外,黔中地区马尾松林可发挥良好的森林康养和游憩生态功能.     

Characteristics and influence factors of NO2 exchange flux between the atmosphere and P. nigra

Nitrogen dioxide(NO_2)is an important substance in atmospheric photochemical processes and can also be absorbed by plants.N02 fluxes between the atmosphere and P.nigrc seedlings were investigated by a double dynamic chambers method in Beijing from June 15to September 3,2017.The range of N02 exchange fluxes between P.nigra seedlings and the atmosphere was from-14.6 to 0.8 nmol/(m~2.sec)(the positive data represent N02 emissior from trees,while the negative values indicate absorption).Under ambient concentrations the mean NO_2 flux during the fast-growing stage(Jun.15-Aug.4)was-3.0 nmol/(m2·sec)greater than the flux of-1.5 nmol/(m2-sec)during the later growth stage(Aug.8-Sept.3)The daily exchange fluxes of NO_2 obviously fluctuated.The fluxes were largest in the morning and decreased gradually over time.Additionally,the N02 fluxes were larger undei high light intensities than under low light intensities during the whole growth period.The effects of temperature on N02 fluxes were different under two growth periods.The NO_2exchange fluxes were larger in a range of temperatures close to 44℃in the fast-growing stage,whereas there were no evident differences in N02 exchange fluxes under widel differing temperatures in the later growth stage.Under polluted conditions,the uptake ability of N02 was weakened.Additionally,the compensation point of N02 was 5.6 ppb ir the fast-growing stage,whereas it was 1.4 ppb in the later growth stage.The depositior velocities of NO_2 were between 0.3 and 2.4 mm/sec.     

喀斯特洞穴甲烷研究进展

甲烷是最主要的温室气体之一。此前对全球甲烷进行了大量的观测和模拟研究,但在源汇关系和通量的认识上仍存在较大的不确定性。近期研究发现,广泛分布的喀斯特地下空间(洞穴和裂隙等)是大气甲烷重要的汇;其作用机制主要有微生物氧化作用和物理化学作用,但对二者的影响大小认识不足;喀斯特洞穴甲烷碳库大小及其对喀斯特生态系统的影响认识尚不清楚。下一步工作应该加强洞穴甲烷的系统研究,分析甲烷的碳汇机制以及估算碳库大小;同时,加强喀斯特生态系统大气、土壤和洞穴甲烷通量的研究,以揭示喀斯特地下空间对生态系统碳循环的影响。     

喀斯特石漠化治理区土壤CH4和CO2排放研究

本研究采用静态密闭箱-气相色谱法,于2016年12月到2017年11月对重庆市南川石漠化治理示范区4个岩溶碳汇试验区(金银花地JYH、人工造林地杨树林YSL、坡改梯PGT、经济作物花椒林地HJ)及3个对照区(荒地HD、非坡改梯FPGT、弃耕地QGD)的土壤甲烷、二氧化碳的浓度及排放通量进行原位观测,探讨我国南方喀斯特石漠化地区甲烷和二氧化碳浓度分布和时空排放规律,及岩溶区土壤温度、土壤含水率等环境因子对甲烷、二氧化碳排放的影响。结果表明:不同植被类型下土壤CO_2的浓度范围为5 003. 64～19 163. 23 mg/m~3,土壤CH_4的浓度范围为5. 35～7. 46 mg/m~3。土壤CO_2的排放通量具有随季节变化土壤CO_2排放通量随季节明显变化,在一定范围内土壤温度及土壤含水率都与CO_2排放通量呈显著正相关关系。土壤CH_4释放速率没有明显的季节变化规律,在个别月份出现显著变化表现为巨大的源与汇,主要是受到土壤温度、土壤含水率及土壤微生物的共同影响。     

储罐池火特性研究进展

总结了常见池火特性参数如燃烧速率、火焰形态、火焰脉动、热辐射通量的半经验公式,计算得出燃烧速率、火焰拖曳直径、火焰脉动随储罐直径变化规律,火焰倾角随风速变化规律,热辐射通量随距离的变化规律,确定了多个公式的适用范围,指出了多个特性参数存在的问题,并提出了未来的研究方向。     

黄河三角洲潮滩湿地系统二甲基硫排放通量的时空变化

为了探讨黄河三角洲潮滩湿地系统二甲基硫(dimethylsulfide,DMS)排放的时空变化和主要影响因子,利用静态箱法监测了黄河三角洲高潮滩、中潮滩和低潮滩DMS通量和环境因子的年际变化.结果表明,从全年来看,黄河三角洲潮滩湿地系统是DMS的释放源,高潮滩、中潮滩和低潮滩释放DMS的通量范围依次为0.043~0.59μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、0.18~1.90μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和0.88~5.80μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),均值依次为0.33μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、0.95μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和2.18μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1).黄河三角洲潮滩湿地DMS的释放通量具有明显的时空变化,其排放主要集中在植物生长季.潮滩湿地间DMS的排放通量差异显著(p0.05),表现为低潮滩中潮滩高潮滩,这种时空变化可能与季节、植被、环境因子、土壤基质等的空间变化有关.DMS的排放受到多种因素的影响,在高潮滩,0 cm地温对DMS排放通量影响显著;在低潮滩,0~5 cm土壤体积含水量对DMS排放通量影响显著,而在中潮滩则没有发现显著的影响因子.该研究成果可以为进一步研究黄河三角洲湿地硫循环及其对大气环境的影响提供基础数据.     

生物覆盖层属性对气体输运过程的影响

为更好地理解生物覆盖介质属性对甲烷减量化过程中气体通量分布的影响,将熟化时间为24个月和2个月的新旧绿色废物分别用于建设1#和2#生物覆盖单元.通过分布在其表面的12个静态箱测量混合气体的组成和通量,结合生物覆盖层含水率和干密度对示踪气体进行回归分析,并利用数值模拟工具模拟示踪气体的输运过程.测量结果表明,两个覆盖单元表面气体通量分布呈现高度变异性,其中,1#单元中气体通量的最大值与最小值的差别达9倍,在2#单元中,这种差异放大到20倍.生物覆盖层中含水率和干密度(孔隙度)也同样呈现出高度变异性,多元回归分析表明,含水率和干密度的分布与气体通量的分布明显线性关系,其中,含水率的分布总体上决定了气体的输运路径.数值模拟结果表明,气体在2#单元中的输运受到扩散过程的影响较大,结构性因子变异程度更高导致了预测的不确定性.     

Preparation of reverse osmosis membrane with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties for desalination

• Nanoparticle incorporation and anti-biofouling grafting were integrated. • Flux of modified membranes was enhanced without rejection sacrificing. • Anti-biofouling property of modified membranes was improved. High performance is essential for the polyamide (PA) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes during the desalination process. Herein, RO membranes with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties were fabricated by nanoparticles incorporation and anti-biofouling grafting. Hydrotalcite (HT) incorporation was performed with a dual role, enhancing water flux and acting as grafting sites. The HT incorporation increased the water flux without sacrificing the salt rejection, compensating for the loss caused by the following grafting reaction. The exposed surface of HT acted as grafting sites for anti-biofouling agent dimethyloctadecyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride (DMOTPAC). The combination of HT incorporation and DMOTPAC grafting endowed RO membranes with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties. The water flux of the modified membrane PA-HT-0.06 was 49.8 L/m²·h, which was 16.4% higher than that of the pristine membrane. The salt rejection of PA-HT-0.06 was 99.1%, which was comparable to that of the pristine membrane. As to the fouling of negatively charged lysozyme, the modified membrane’s water flux recovery was superior to that of the pristine membrane (e.g. 86.8% of PA-HT-0.06 compared to 78.2% of PA-pristine). The sterilization rates of PA-HT-0.06 for E. coli and B. subtilis were 97.3% and 98.7%, much higher than those of the pristine membrane (24.0% for E. coli and 26.7% for B. subtilis).     

平板陶瓷膜回收烟气水热的实验研究

将平板陶瓷膜组成膜组件对烟气水分和余热进行回收,考察了烟气的温度、相对湿度、流速和冷却水温度等参数对膜组件水热回收性能的影响。在实验工况下,水通量和水回收效率随着烟气温度、烟气相对湿度的增加和冷却水温度的降低而上升;水通量随着烟气流速的加快而上升,水回收效率随着烟气流速的加快先上升后降低;膜组件的水通量和水回收效率最高分别可达22.0 kg/(m²·h)和36.3%。平板陶瓷膜回收的热量主要来自烟气潜热,烟气潜热换热量与水通量呈正相关变化趋势。在实验工况下,平板陶瓷膜组件的总传热系数最高为412 W/(m²·℃),高于多通道管式陶瓷膜和单通道管式陶瓷膜。     

三峡库区万州段河流水-气界面CO2通量支干流对比及影响机制初探

以三峡库区万州段干流及典型支流澎溪河为研究对象,监测2019年4～9月水华期间水体中CO₂浓度以及12个环境指标,估算水-气界面CO₂通量并进行支干流对比.将12个环境指标分为气候因子、水环境因子、碳源因子、营养因子和沉积物因子,探讨5类因子对CO₂通量的影响途径和贡献率,进一步为控制水库温室气体排放提供数据积累和理论支持.结果表明,监测期间内高阳、黄石和万州平均CO₂通量分别为（1.445±1.739）、（3.118±2.963）和（2.899±1.144）mmol·（m²·h）^-1,表现为:澎溪河支流高阳<干流万州<澎溪河支流黄石.从变化幅度来看,支流水体CO₂通量变幅较大,干流水体变化幅度则相对较小,是较稳定的CO₂"源".长江干流作为陆地向海洋的生源物质运输枢纽,相比其支流碳含量和流速更高,这使得通常情况下干流CO₂通量大于支流.但水文情势的不同使得同一支流不同点位CO<...