沸石-陶粒BAF处理微污染水源水的影响因素研究

探讨沸石-陶粒BAF工艺对微污染水源水中CODMn、氨氮、UV254、浊度等污染物质的去除效果.通过模型试验,研究了填料高度、水力负荷、气水比等因素对沸石-陶粒曝气生物滤池(BAF)工艺处理效果的影响.结果表明,在水力负荷为1.2～4.8 m3/(m2·h)、气水比为1时,CODMn、氨氮、UV254和浊度的去除率随填料层高度的增加而增加,其中CODMn、UV254、浊度的去除在最初的440 mm内最为显著,而氨氮的去除在220～440 mm范围内较明显; 在气水比为1,水力负荷分别为1.2 m3/(m2·h)、2.4 m3/(m2·h)和4.8 m3/(m2·h)时,CODMn的总去除率分别为38.62%、32.23%和25.37%,较合适的水力负荷为1.2 m3/(m2·h); 在水力负荷为1.2 m3/(m2·h)、气水比由0.5增为1时,CODMn的平均去除率由26.34%增为36.31%,氨氮的平均去除率由78.15%增为94.4%,当气水比增大为2时,CODMn、氨氮的去除率增加很少,合适的气水比为1.研究表明,沸石-陶粒BAF工艺处理微污染水源水的效果良好,且所需的填料高度小,气水比低.     

Simultaneous biodegradation of nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds in a sequencing batch bioreactor

Many nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds (NACs), such as nitrobenzene (NB), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), aniline (AN), and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), are environmentally hazardous, and their removal from contaminated water is one of the main challenges facing wastewater treatment plants. In this study, synthetic wastewater containing NB, 4-NP, 2,4-DNP, and AN at concentrations ranging from 50 to 180 mg/L was fed into a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Analyses of the SBR system indicated that it simultaneously removed more than 99% of the NACs at loading rates of 0.36 kg NB/(m3·d), 0.3 kg 4-NP/(m3·d), 0.25 kg AN/(m3·d), and 0.1 kg 2,4-DNP/(m3·d). Bacterial groups of Bacteriodetes, Candidate division TM7, α-Proteobacteria, and β-Proteobacteria were dominant in the clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes retrieved from the microbial communities in the SBR system. "Cycle tests" designed to alter feeding and aeration parameters of the SBR system demonstrated that the resident microbial biome of the SBR system responded rapidly to changing conditions. Consumption of O2 was concomitant with the apparent mineralization of NACs. Aromatic ring-cleaving dioxygenase activities suggested that (1) AN and NB were degraded via catechol 2,3-dioxygenase; (2) 4-NP was degraded via 1,2,4-benzentriol 1,2-dioxygenase; and (3) 2,4-DNP was degraded via an unresolved pathway.     

UV/H2Ｏ2/微曝气联用工艺矿化内分泌干扰物BPA试验研究

采用UV/H₂Ｏ₂/微曝气工艺对水中内分泌干扰物双酚A(BPA)的降解与矿化进行了试验研究.该工艺是在UV/H₂Ｏ₂的基础上发展起来的一种新工艺,微曝气在UV光照射下产生了一定量的O₃,提高了·OH的发生率.本试验研究了UV光强、H₂Ｏ₂投加量以及pH值对BPA矿化速率的影响.结果表明,随着UV光强的增大,BPA的矿化速率呈线性增加;当H₂Ｏ₂投加量由5 mg/L增大到20 mg/L时,BPA矿化速率常数k由0.003 2上升到0.025 0;当pH为6.68时,在相同条件下BPA的矿化效果最好.在同一工况条件下,UV/H₂Ｏ₂/微曝气工艺降解BPA的速率远远大于其矿化速率,分析得出在开始反应阶段BPA首先被降解为小分子有机物,随着反应的进一步进行小分子有机物逐步被矿化为无机物.     

Cloud point extraction coupled with HPLC-UV for the determination of phthalate esters in environmental water samples

A method based on cloud point extraction was developed to determine phthalate esters including di-ethyl-phthalate （DEP）, di- （2-ethylhexyl）-phthalate （DEHP） and di-cyclohexyl-phthalate （DCP） in environmental water samples using high-performance liquid chromatography separation and ultraviolet detection （HPLC-UV）. The non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 was chosen as extraction solvent. The parameters affecting extraction efficiency, such as concentrations of Triton X-114 and Na2SO4, equilibration temperature, equilibration time and centrifugation time were evaluated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the method can achieve preconcentration factors of 35, 88, 111 and detection of limits of 2.0, 3.8, 1.0 ng/ml for DEP, DEHP and DCP in 10-ml water sample, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of trace amount of phathalate esters in effluent water of the wastewater treatment plant and the lixivium of plastic fragments.     

基于灰色关联分析法的空管危险源辨识方法研究

随着民航事业的迅速发展和空中交通流量的不断增长.为有效地避免空管不安全事件的发生,辨识出空管运行中潜在危险源至关重要.目前空管单位缺乏对危险源的有效分类,对危险源的触发机制要素界定不够清晰.利用危险三角形对危险进行描述,并用M-SHEL模型对空管运行中首类危险源——管制"错误、遗忘、疏漏"的触发机制进行分类辨识与分析.构建了管制"错误、遗忘、疏漏"危险源辨识指标体系,一级指标5个,二级指标20个;运用灰色关联分析法计算出各类触发机制之间的关联系数和关联度.结果表明,人的因素是导致管制"错误、遗忘、疏漏"发生的最主要因素,而其中最主要的触发机制要素是个人能力问题.     

GM（1， 1）正弦模型修补气温监测缺失数据的探讨

目的建立预测精度较好的大气温度监测缺失数据修补的方法和模型。方法采用正弦函数对GM(1,1)标准模型进行修正,建立分段的GM(1,1)正弦修正模型对缺失数据进行修补。以万宁试验站某天监测的温度日记时值数据为试验数据,同时建立GM(1,1)标准模型、GM(1,1)时序修正模型和GM(1,1)正弦修正模型,对比分析各模型的修补误差,确立较好的修补模型。结果从模型的拟合效果分析,GM(1,1)标准模型和GM(1,1)正弦修正模型的拟合性最好,GM(1,1)时序修正模型的拟合性相对较差一些;从预测精度上分析,GM(1,1)标准模型和GM(1,1)时序修正模型预测修补效果差,平均相对误差分别达到22.54%和17.70%,而GM(1,1)正弦修正模型预测修补的平均误差仅为3.14%,得到了较大的改进,预测效果好。结论正弦修正模型能很好地修补缺失数据,其修补效果比时序修正模型和标准模型都要好。     

Powdered activated carbon adsorption of two fishy odorants in water: Trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal

Powdered activated carbon(PAC) adsorption of two fishy odorants, trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal(HDE) and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal(DDE), was investigated. Both the pseudo first-order and the pseudo second-order kinetic models well described the kinetics curves, and DDE was more readily removed by PAC. In isotherm tests, both Freundlich and Modified Freundlich isotherms fitted the experimental data well. PAC exhibited a higher adsorption capacity for DDE than for HDE, which could be ascribed to the difference in their hydrophobicity. The calculated thermodynamic parameters(ΔG~0, ΔH~0, and ΔS~0) indicated an exothermic and spontaneous adsorption process. PAC dosage, p H, and natural organic matter(NOM) presence were found to influence the adsorption process. With increasing PAC dosage, the pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order rate constants both increased. The value of p H had little influence on HDE or DDE molecules but altered the surface charge of PAC, and the maximum adsorption capacity occurred at p H 9. The presence of NOM, especially the fraction with molecular weight less than1 k Dalton, hindered the adsorption. The study showed that preloaded NOM impaired the adsorption capacity of HDE or DDE more severely than simultaneously fed NOM did.     

Powdered activated carbon adsorption of two fishy odorants in water: Trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal

Powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption of two fishy odorants, trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal (HDE) and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal (DDE), was investigated. Both the pseudo first-order and the pseudo second-order kinetic models well described the kinetics curves, and DDE was more readily removed by PAC. In isotherm tests, both Freundlich and Modified Freundlich isotherms fitted the experimental data well. PAC exhibited a higher adsorption capacity for DDE than for HDE, which could be ascribed to the difference in their hydrophobicity. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (ΔG⁰, ΔH⁰, and ΔS⁰) indicated an exothermic and spontaneous adsorption process. PAC dosage, pH, and natural organic matter (NOM) presence were found to influence the adsorption process. With increasing PAC dosage, the pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order rate constants both increased. The value of pH had little influence on HDE or DDE molecules but altered the surface charge of PAC, and the maximum adsorption capacity occurred at pH 9. The presence of NOM, especially the fraction with molecular weight less than 1 k Dalton, hindered the adsorption. The study showed that preloaded NOM impaired the adsorption capacity of HDE or DDE more severely than simultaneously fed NOM did.     

Disaster governance and community resilience: reflections on Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan

Typhoon Morakot triggered flooding and mudslides in various areas and devastated Aboriginal villages located near areas under construction by the Water Diversion Project in Kaohsiung County. This paper examines the controversy surrounding Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan from the perspective of disaster governance. This study provides competing perspectives regarding who was responsible for causing the disaster. Post-disaster reconstruction initiatives by the government tend to adopt a technical approach to risk, and do not incorporate the complex social and cultural dimensions of vulnerability and sustainability. This perspective reflects misrecognition problems, and the lack of empowerment and participation in governance by residents, as well as their exclusion in decision making. Aboriginal civic groups have various methods of interacting with local residents to alleviate the suffering of survivors, promoting tribal culture and building resilient communities. This continuing development of social interactions and new forms of engagement will effectuate transformation and contribute to broader reflections on the Morakot disaster and social capability and building resilience.     

道路降尘与扬尘PM_(10)排放的关系研究

道路扬尘是城市大气颗粒物主要来源之一,文章主要分析呼和浩特城区道路降尘排放、扬尘PM10排放强度并研究二者之间的关系。对呼和浩特30条典型道路进行了降尘监测,并在降尘监测期间对道路尘负荷进行了采样分析,同时记录车流量和车辆构成数据,应用AP-42排放因子模型计算PM10排放强度,分析道路降尘与PM10排放强度之间的关系。结果发现,道路降尘值为外环路>主干路>次干路>支路>胡同,分别为76.3、36.1、31.7、25.8和19.0 t(/km.230d),背景值为9.4 t(/km.230d);外环路、主干道、次干道、支路和胡同的PM10排放强度平均值分别为178、169、130、100和11 kg(/km.d);降尘值DF与道路扬尘PM10排放强度呈现较好的正相关关系,道路扬尘PM10排放强度可以用降尘表示为Q=2.6×(DFr-DFb)。