Long-Term Impacts of Land-Use Change on Non-Point Source Pollutant Loads for the St. Louis Metropolitan Area, USA

A land-use-change simulation model (LEAM) and a non-point-source (NPS) water quality model (L-THIA) were closely coupled as LEAMwq in order to determine the long-term implications of various degree of urbanization on NPS total nitrogen (TN), total suspended particles (TSP), and total phosphorus (TP) loads. A future land-use projection in the St. Louis metropolitan area from 2005 to 2030 using three economic growth scenarios (base, low, and high) and a long-term precipitation dataset were used to predict the mean annual surface runoff and mean annual NPS pollutant loads in the region. Results show mean annual TN increases of 0.21%, 0.13%, and 0.14% by 2030 compared to 2000 under the base, high, and low scenarios, respectively. TSP and TP showed similar trends with different magnitudes. Corresponding changes in annual mean surface runoff were shown to be lower than expected, which might be attributed to the small-scale conversion pattern of land uses. In the most dramatic change (high growth) scenario, the runoff would increase across time but at varying rates, and temporal pollutant loads would result in a more complicated pattern than in the other scenarios. This is attributed to the complex interactions between event mean concentrations of pollutants and the magnitude of changes in land-use acreages. By integrating L-THIA with LEAM, LEAMwq was found to be a useful planning tool to illustrate in a quick and simple manner how future water quality is connected to decision-making on future land-use change.     

蓄滞洪区规划与管理信息系统开发研究--以大黄铺洼为例

目前,我国很多地区特别是海河流域面临着严峻的水资源短缺,而洪水资源化是缓解水资源短缺的措施之一.在此背景下,通过蓄滞洪区合理调度运用,将分洪标准以下的中小洪水部分转化为可供利用的水资源的设想随之形成.为配合这一设想的研究,结合"十五"攻关项目"海河流域蓄滞洪区洪水资源化利用示范研究",以海河流域大黄铺洼蓄滞洪区为例,开发了蓄滞洪区规划与管理信息系统.本文对该系统的总体目标、逻辑结构、软硬件环境及主要功能进行了介绍.该系统的运用为大黄铺洼蓄滞洪区洪水风险调度、洪水资源化利用、合理经济发展与生态修复模式的选择等建议的提出提供了决策支持.进一步改进完善该系统,提高其通用性,能够为其他蓄滞洪区的规划管理提供决策借鉴.     

Regional economic impacts of water management alternatives: the case of Devils Lake,North Dakota,USA

Devils Lake, located in a closed basin in northeastern North Dakota has over a century-long history of highly fluctuating water levels. The lake has risen nearly 25 feet (7.7 m) since 1993, more than doubling its surface area. Rising water levels have affected rural lands, transportation routes, and communities near the lake. In response to rising lake levels, Federal, state and local agencies have adopted a three-part approach to flood damage reduction, consisting of (1) upper basin water management to reduce the amount of water reaching the lake, (2) protection for structures and infrastructure if the lake continues to rise, and (3) developing an emergency outlet to release some lake water. The purpose of this study was to provide information about the net regional economic effects of a proposed emergency outlet for Devils Lake. An input-output model was used to estimate the regional economic effects of the outlet, under two scenarios: (1) the most likely future situation (MLS) and (2) a best case situation (BCS) (i.e., where the benefits from the outlet would be greatest), albeit an unlikely one. Regional economic effects of the outlet include effects on transportation (road and railroad construction), agriculture (land kept in production, returned to production sooner, or kept in production longer), residential relocations, and outlet construction expenditures. Effects are measured as changes in gross business volume (gross receipts) for various sectors, secondary employment, and local tax collections. The net regional economic effects of the proposed outlet would be relatively small, and consideration of these economic impacts would not strengthen the case for an outlet.     

Tijuana Childhood Lead Risk Assessment Revisited: Validating a GIS Model with Environmental Data

The objective of this research was to determine the spatial distributions of childhood lead poisoning and soil lead contamination in urban Tijuana. The Bocco–Sanchez model of point-source emissions was evaluated in terms of validity and reliability. We compared the model's predicted vulnerable populations with observed cases of childhood lead poisoning in Tijuana, identified fixed point sources in the field, and analyzed 76 soil samples from 14 sites. The soil lead results were compared to the blood lead analyses performed on Tijuana children whose blood lead levels were ≥10 μg/dL, who reported that they did not use lead-glazed ceramics for cooking or storing food (n = 63). Using GIS, predicted vs observed risk areas were assessed by examining spatial patterns, including the distribution of cases per designated risk area. Chi-square analysis of expected vs observed values did not differ significantly at the p = 0.02 level, showing that the model was strikingly accurate in predicting the distribution of subjects with elevated blood lead. Results reveal that while point sources are significant, other sources of lead exposure are also important. The relative public health risk from exposure to lead in an urban setting may be assessed by distinguishing among sources of exposure and associating concentrations to blood lead levels. The results represent an iterative approach in environmental health research by linking environmental and human biomarker lead concentrations and using these results to validate an environmental model of risk to lead exposure.     

Montréal's Eco-quartier environmental program: local action and municipal management

This article assesses the City of Montréal's éco-quartier program from the viewpoint of managing the urban environment and improving living environments. It evaluates the actual achievements of the program, looking especially at the ability of local communities to take effective action to improve their living environments, while under the guidance of the associations mandated to manage the program at the local level. Our research concentrated on three main areas: a) the development of the City of Montréal's environmental program; b) the effectiveness of the éco-quartiers in carrying out their mandate; c) the actual impacts of the program in improving living environments.     

洗车废水的污染与环境管理研究

本文分析了洗车所造成的水资源的浪费、对环境的污染以及对道赂交通、居民、行人的影响，介绍了我国对洗车废水管理的现状，并从法制建设、执法监督、废水处理，先进洗车技术推广、宣传教育等方面提出了针对我国洗车废水污染的环境管理对策建议。     

近断层地震动运动特征对长周期结构地震响应的影响分析

选择台湾集集近断层地震动记录作为地震动输入,系统考察了近断层地震动破裂方向性、上盘效应、脉冲效应等运动特征对双线性单自由度体系、长周期隔震建筑和斜拉桥结构地震响应的影响。计算结果表明,脉冲型地震动对结构的效应随双线性单自由度体系的初始自振周期增大而变大,在长周期段结构的脉冲效应最显著;地震动破裂方向性和上盘效应对单自由度体系位移需求的影响与体系周期有关。对于隔震建筑和大跨度斜拉桥等长周期结构,近断层地震动破裂方向性对结构的效应较显著;上盘效应对长周期结构的影响明显;地震动的速度脉冲运动特征总的来说放大了结构响应。     

基于TM影像的人口密度数字模拟——以北京地区为例

居住区影像是人口分布客观真实的定性表现,对这种定性的数据源进行合理量化即可获得人口实际分布数据。在分析TM影像各个波段特征的基础上,选取5、4、3波段进行图像逻辑运算,比较精确地提取出居住区影像。计算居住区面积并依据面积大小将居住区分为3类,根据人口户籍统计值计算出3类居住区相对的人口分布比例系数kj。然后生成与居住区矢量投影相同的1km网格,利用图层叠加统计每个网格内的居住面积lj,居住区矢量与区县界矢量叠加统计每个区县内的居住面积Am,计算网格人口分配系数ki×lj/Am,依据该系数对人口总数进行网格化模拟,以得到人口密度空间分布规律。以北京地区为试验区进行人口模拟,结果显示北京中心区最大人口密度为16 661人/km2,其他地区最大人口密度是8231人/km2。在模拟结果的基础上估算乡镇级人口,对比分析乡镇级估算人口和实际调查人口对结果进行验证,对比数据表明该算法所得到的人口分布与实际人口分布较为相符。     

Biological mine drainage treatment

Drainage from sulphur mines contains a high concentration of ferrous iron and it is strongly acidic. The mechanism of acid mine drainage formation was briefly explained. As a case study, successful measures taken at the abandoned Matsuo mine, Iwate Prefecture, Japan, for preventing the pollution in receiving rivers was presented in this paper. The measures consisted of the construction works against pollution sources and the construction of a drainage treatment plant in which Thiobacillus ferrooxidans oxidizes ferrous iron under a low pH condition, and produced ferric iron is removed by sedimentation. Then, a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor using anion exchange resin as attaching material for the bacteria was examined in order to improve the efficiency of biological oxidation of ferrous iron. More than 90% of oxidation had been maintained for 2 months at 1 h of HRT, which suggests that the size of the oxidation tank could be reduced.     

碳羟磷灰石的制备及其对水中Cu2+的吸附

以废弃蛋壳为原料、尿素为添加剂，采用掺杂技术制备碳羟磷灰石（CHAP），并用其作吸附剂去除水中的Cu^2＋。考察了Cu^2＋的初始质量浓度、pH、吸附时间、CHAP加入量及温度等因素对CHAP吸附Cu^2＋效果的影响。实验结果表明，在温度40℃、溶液pH6、搅拌1h后静置1h的条件下，用5g／L的CHAP处理Cu^2＋初始质量浓度为60mg／L的水溶液，Cu^2＋去除率为99．30％。吸附等温线基本符合Freundlich和Langmuir方程。