基于GIS的热带雨林地区滑坡敏感性分析——马来西亚金马伦高原个案研究

滑坡敏感性分析对灾害评价和预测具有重要的作用。以马来西亚金马伦高原为研究区,选择坡度、坡向、地表曲率、岩性、构造、土地覆盖、地貌类型、道路和排水系统等9个要素作为评价因子,探讨运用G IS和RS技术获取、管理滑坡灾害信息,和热带雨林地区湿热环境下滑坡灾害敏感性的分析方法。条件概率模型和逻辑回归模型分别应用于滑坡灾害敏感性分析与制图,通过比较滑坡敏感性的计算结果与历史滑坡信息,验证了两种方法的有效性,结果显示,条件概率模型和逻辑回归模型的预测精度分别为77.3%和83.6%,逻辑回归法具有较好的描述精度;滑坡敏感性分析中土地利用和土地覆盖、道路设施等因素具有较高权重,人类对雨林的垦殖和开发提升了该地区滑坡发生的敏感度。     

基于社会生态系统视角的长三角地级城市韧性度评价

为提升城市应对重大冲击和慢性压力的能力,提高城市的抗打击能力与恢复能力,以及城市对抗不确定风险的韧性程度,本文结合现实背景,以城市社会生态系统的视角,对2014年长三角地区16个地级城市韧性进行实证分析。采用GIS的空间分析和叠加功能方法,从生态环境、市政设施、经济和社会发展4个方面选取24个具体指标,对长三角地区16个地级城市韧性程度及其空间状态做出评价,并确定测度标准值。首先对构成城市韧性的4个因子:生态、市政设施工程、经济以及社会发展进行分析和数字化,得出各因子对城市韧性影响程度的栅格图层;其次对图层进行空间叠加,再得到长三角地区地级城市韧性度评价图。评价结果表明:(1)长三角地级城市韧性呈现"级差化"分布状态,总体呈现出中等韧性状态;(2)长三角地级城市韧性空间分异特征显著,其北翼城市比南翼城市韧性程度较高;(3)长三角地级城市经济、生态韧性在空间分布上相对集中,趋向协调均衡发展。通过城市韧性度分析,认为评价结果基本符合近年来长三角地区城市韧性发展的整体状况,可以在一定程度上增强城市社会生态系统对外界风险的适应能力,并在今后的城市发展调适过程中更具韧性,从而对不同时空尺度的城市韧性状态评价提供一种思路。     

Mapping Stream Habitats with a Global Positioning System: Accuracy,Precision, and Comparison with Traditional Methods

We tested the precision and accuracy of the Trimble GeoXT™ global positioning system (GPS) handheld receiver on point and area features and compared estimates of stream habitat dimensions (e.g., lengths and areas of riffles and pools) that were made in three different Oklahoma streams using the GPS receiver and a tape measure. The precision of differentially corrected GPS (DGPS) points was not affected by the number of GPS position fixes (i.e., geographic location estimates) averaged per DGPS point. Horizontal error of points ranged from 0.03 to 2.77 m and did not differ with the number of position fixes per point. The error of area measurements ranged from 0.1% to 110.1% but decreased as the area increased. Again, error was independent of the number of position fixes averaged per polygon corner. The estimates of habitat lengths, widths, and areas did not differ when measured using two methods of data collection (GPS and a tape measure), nor did the differences among methods change at three stream sites with contrasting morphologies. Measuring features with a GPS receiver was up to 3.3 times faster on average than using a tape measure, although signal interference from high streambanks or overhanging vegetation occasionally limited satellite signal availability and prolonged measurements with a GPS receiver. There were also no differences in precision of habitat dimensions when mapped using a continuous versus a position fix average GPS data collection method. Despite there being some disadvantages to using the GPS in stream habitat studies, measuring stream habitats with a GPS resulted in spatially referenced data that allowed the assessment of relative habitat position and changes in habitats over time, and was often faster than using a tape measure. For most spatial scales of interest, the precision and accuracy of DGPS data are adequate and have logistical advantages when compared to traditional methods of measurement.     

基于RS和GIS的上海城建用地扩展研究

利用多时相遥感影像，借助GIS强大的空间分析功能对上海市城镇建设用地的时空扩展过程、特征、规律作了探讨，结合社会经济统计数据对上海市城镇建设用地扩展驱动力进行了分析和综合评估。研究结果表明：1985~1995年城镇建设用地扩展主要集中于城郊边缘地带，而1995~2000年地区扩展差异则更为明显；上海城市扩展主要侵占的用地类型为耕地，其中以水田为主，同时也占用了较多的农村居民点；上海城镇建设用地在不同方向上扩展程度和规模有较大不同；随着距离城区几何中心点距离的增加，各阶段城镇建设用地扩展强度指数都呈现一个大致相同的变化过程，扩展强度指数最高的区域大多位于上海主城区的外围即城乡交替地带；经济发展是上海城镇建设用地扩展的决定因素，郊区小城镇及小城镇工业的发展是郊区城镇建设用地扩张的一个重要影响因素。     

GIS支持下的岷江上游流域景观格局分析

在GIS技术支持下，利用2000年遥感资料，在土地利用分类基础上编制景观类型图；运用生态学与景观生态学的基本原理，选取景观斑块数、变异系数、分维数、分离度、破碎度等反映景观空间格局的指数，从景观斑块特征、景观形状、景观异质性以及景观的空间分布等方面对岷江上游流域的景观格局进行了分析。结果表明：①草地与林地构成了研究区景观的主体，二者面积占研究区总面积的95.12%，草地因其面积最大而成为整个景观的基质；②研究区幅员辽阔，以藏、羌族为主的少数民族居民喜好聚居等特点，使得耕地、城乡居住建设用地出现小聚居、大散居格局，其分离度与破碎度均较大；③因研究区海拔高差大，整个景观格局呈现出明显的垂直分布特征，从山谷到山顶依次按照城乡居住建设用地—耕地—林地—草地—水域—未利用地的顺序分布。     

Towards a spatial information infrastructure for flood management in The Netherlands

The immense value of a geographic information system for flood control has been experienced by the decision-markers of the Dutch province of Gelderland during the flood of the Rivers Meuse (Maas) and Waal in January 1995. Super-imposing different ‘data layers’, GIS-experts could detect the weak parts in the dikes and generate and evacuation plan. Shortcomings within the organization were experienced as well: important data could not be retrieved, and the coordination of efforts by the different governmental departments and institutions was not optimal. To overcome these shortcomings and to optimize the modelling process, a spatial decision support system (SDSS) is being proposed, aggregating several models, heuristic and procedural, into integrated software tools. As becomes clear from two cases of flood control described, ‘emergency managers’ should be able to communicate about spatial data available and have access to selected spatial data. In order to improve communication between data sources, data processing and the use of relevant spatial data in GISs, a new ‘Spatial Information Infrastructure’ (SII) needs to be developed. This requires both technical and organizational solutions and standards. Proper documentation of the data will allow the GIS-experts to more quickly find, store, update and reuse the data. A range of ‘metadata’ services exist documenting data sets, typically limited by thematic or national boundaries. There are no standards in common practice for structuring and classifying spatial information. The user of spatial information cannot easily browse across Web-sites and compare products from different suppliers. Even, if the search has been successful, the user all too often has to face a complex process of negotiation, and highly technical data integration issues. A consortium of European GIS-experts has addressed these problems and launched the ‘European Spatial Metadata Infrastructure’ (ESMI) project with the objective to link existing and future metadata systems using Internet.     

矿井通风系统平面图专用绘制软件研制

在对现有矿井通风系统图绘制软件分析的基础上,开发了矿井通风系统平面图专用绘制软件。该软件能实现巷道绘制、交叉自动消隐处理、拓扑关系自动保存、GIS功能、巷道分区用风分支集中布置的网络图自动生成与网络解算等功能。利用该软件在淮南矿业集团某新建矿井试用,实现了前期的通风系统平面图快速绘制与后期的通风系统分析一体化,节省了大量的人力物力。     

Modelling the spatial distribution of ammonia emissions in the UK

Ammonia emissions (NH3) are characterised by a high spatial variability at a local scale. When modelling the spatial distribution of NH3 emissions, it is important to provide robust emission estimates, since the model output is used to assess potential environmental impacts, e.g. exceedance of critical loads. The aim of this study was to provide a new, updated spatial NH3 emission inventory for the UK for the year 2000, based on an improved modelling approach and the use of updated input datasets. The AENEID model distributes NH3 emissions from a range of agricultural activities, such as grazing and housing of livestock, storage and spreading of manures, and fertilizer application, at a 1-km grid resolution over the most suitable landcover types. The results of the emission calculation for the year 2000 are analysed and the methodology is compared with a previous spatial emission inventory for 1996.     

上海市洪涝灾害损失评估系统的开发

结合上海市洪涝灾害损失评估模型的研制工作，从GIS的应用开发角度，系统阐述了设计和开发上海市洪涝灾害损失评估系统的步骤和技术特征，该系统集基础信息处理、模型运算、结果查询、专题图制作、报表输出等于一体，建立了与洪水数值模型和用户实时添加方案的动态关联，整个系统开放、灵活、实用，为上海市防汛决策提供了有力的技术支持。     

浅析新疆环境应急管理与决策支持系统

针对在处理、处置突发性环境污染事故中存在的突出问题，阐述了利用GIS等技术在设计开发新疆环境应急管理与决策支持系统的总体设计理念，对其总体应用框架、主要应用功能等进行了分析。该系统设计既满足应急管理需要又考虑了污染源日常管理的工作需要，将在实际应用中发挥重要作用。