火灾作用下单层球面网壳的非线性有限元分析

基于高大空间建筑火灾作用下的空气升温实用公式,按照欧洲规范规定的火灾高温作用下钢材的材料特性,考虑了温度对钢材特性的影响以及钢材屈服后的强化特征,对一凯维特单层网壳结构在火灾作用下的性能进行了非线性有限元分析,研究其在不同局部火灾作用下的温度场分布和位移特征,以及不同火源影响的最不利位置。结果表明:网壳结构在所有设计火源模型下的极限耐火时间都在20～30min左右;对于结构极限耐火时间,火源位置的影响大于火源面积的影响;结构中心向外延伸的第1环到第3环之间的区域,是结构抗火的薄弱部位。     

周边建筑受袁家岭车站深基坑影响的模拟研究

为了研究长沙地铁袁家岭车站基坑对其周边建筑(电信公司2号楼)的影响,采用ABAQUS软件建立了三维有限元模型,土体考虑摩尔-库仑弹塑性和渗透性,周边建筑按总荷载被等效转换为地表压强,围护结构水平支撑被转换为等效压强或位移,模拟土体应力释放和降水渗流作用。此外,还模拟了补水回灌过程和潜水面下降对地表沉降的影响。在此基础上,本文预测并评估了周边建筑地基的沉降量和影响范围,提出了相应的建筑沉降控制标准,为长沙地铁的安全施工提供了参考。     

传播介质特性对爆破振动衰减规律的影响

以《工程岩体分级标准》为依据,量化作为爆破地震波载体的传播介质的特性,并采用离散单元法分析爆破地震波在传播介质中的衰减过程。数值模拟过程中详细阐述了爆破荷载、介质阻尼及相关参数的确定方法,分析了传播介质特性对爆破振动速度衰减规律及萨道夫斯公式中K、α值的影响。研究表明,在爆破荷载作用下,近距范围内爆破振动速度迅速衰减,中远距范围内爆破振动速度衰减趋缓;传播介质为Ⅰ~Ⅲ级岩体时,随着岩体质量降低,K值有增大趋势,对于Ⅳ~Ⅴ级岩体,K值变化没有明确的规律;α值总体上具有随岩体质量降低而增大的趋势,K、α值具有与爆破振动速度近似相同的增减关系。     

An inventory of trace element inputs to agricultural soils in China

It is important to understand the status and extent of soil contamination with trace elements to make sustainable management strategies for agricultural soils. The inputs of trace elements to agricultural soils via atmospheric deposition, livestock manures, fertilizers and agrochemicals, sewage irrigation and sewage sludge in China were analyzed and an annual inventory of trace element inputs was developed. The results showed that atmospheric deposition was responsible for 43–85% of the total As, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb inputs, while livestock manures accounted for approximately 55%, 69% and 51% of the total Cd, Cu and Zn inputs, respectively. Among the elements concerned, Cd was a top priority in agricultural soils in China, with an average input rate of 0.004 mg/kg/yr in the plough layer (0–20 cm). Due to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the sources, the inventory as well as the environmental risks of trace elements in soils varies on a regional scale. For example, sewage sludge and fertilizers (mainly organic and phosphate-based inorganic fertilizers) can also be the predominant sources of trace elements where these materials were excessively applied. This work provides baseline information to develop policies to control and reduce toxic element inputs to and accumulation in agricultural soils.     

Evaluation of trace elements contamination in cloud/fog water at an elevated mountain site in Northern China

Totally 117 cloud/fog water samples were collected at the summit of Mt. Tai (1534 m a.s.l.)—the highest mountain in the Northern China Plain. The results were investigated by a combination of techniques including back trajectory model, regional air quality and dust storm models, satellite observations and Principal Component Analysis. Elemental concentrations were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, with stringent quality control measures. Higher elemental concentrations were found at Mt. Tai compared with those reported by other overseas studies. The larger proportions and higher concentrations of toxic elements such as Pb and As in cloud/fog water compared with those in rainwater at Mt. Tai suggests higher potential hazards of cloud/fog water as a source of contamination in polluted areas to the ecosystem. Peak concentrations of trace elements were frequently observed during the onset of cloud/fog events when liquid water contents of cloud/fog water were usually low and large amount of pollutants were accumulated in the ambient air. Inverse relationship between elemental concentrations and liquid water contents were only found in the samples with high electrical conductivities and liquid water contents lower than 0.3 g m⁻³. Affected mainly by the emissions of steel industries and mining activities, air masses transported from south/southwest of Mt. Tai were frequently associated with higher elemental concentrations. The element Mn is attributed to play an important role in the acidity of cloud/fog water. The composition of cloud/fog water influenced by an Asian dust storm event was reported, which was seldom found in the literature.     

地震荷载作用下埋地玻璃钢夹砂管的动力响应分析

玻璃钢夹砂管在土木水利工程领域得到了愈来愈广泛的应用,但现有的埋地管道地震响应分析模型大多不考虑管-土动力相互作用,且多针对均质材料管道,无法应用于具有明显层状复合材料结构特征的玻璃钢夹砂管。基于玻璃钢夹砂管的层状复合材料结构特征,建立了完整的埋地玻璃钢夹砂管地震响应分析模型,在数值分析模型中,考虑了管-土间复杂的动力相互作用,以及地震散射波从有限域向无限域的传播。算例分析表明,所建立的埋地玻璃钢夹砂管地震响应分析模型可合理地分析埋地玻璃钢夹砂管在地震荷载作用下的动力响应。     

基于失碳速率的煤氧化动力学模型研究

碳元素脱离煤体转移到气态产物中是煤低温氧化过程的一个重要特征.通过对煤自燃气体产物生成特征的研究,提出失碳速率的概念,建立了相应的氧化动力学模型,并从理论及实验两方面予以验证.该模型可较准确地描述煤在程序升温条件下从常温氧化至110℃的过程中失碳速率的变化特征.研究表明,自燃倾向性不同的煤其失碳速率有较大的差异,同一种煤在不同温度段内失碳速率也不同,其活化能和总指前因子均有较大改变;不同温度阶段煤氧化的内在作用机制存在较大差别,仅以某一温度段的特性来衡量煤氧化能力的强弱并不全面.     

钢筋混凝土构件的最小隔火厚度

为了正确评估钢筋混凝土构件在实际火灾中的隔火作用,以一般室内火灾轰燃后的房间平均温度-时间曲线为升温曲线,以热传导理论为基础,以钢筋混凝土隔火构件的背火面的最高温度恰好达到220℃为判定准则,用数值计算方法给出钢筋混凝土隔火构件的最小厚度,并用最小二乘法导出其计算公式.火灾房间火灾荷载越大,开口因子越小,最小隔火厚度越大;反之越小.该文所给最小厚度可用于钢筋混凝土分隔构件的性能化耐火设计与评估:当火灾荷载密度较大,开口因子较小时加大构件的厚度以获得安全性,反之,减小厚度以获得经济性.     

北京市大气污染动态变化的树木年轮分析

利用从香山、颐和园公园所取得的油松年轮中提取的年轮宽度和年轮木质部中化学元素含量变化的信息 ,主要分析了油松年轮中化学元素含量随时间变化的特点 ,结合北京市社会经济分析 ,揭示了元素含量变化的成因 ,并恢复了北京市近两百年大气污染的历史。     

舵面结构热模态试验方法研究

目的 探究高温对舵面结构模态试验结果的影响.方法 以导弹舵面为研究对象,开展高温环境下结构模态试验方法研究.基于石英灯热辐射高温加热系统和模态测试系统搭建热模态试验测试平台,采用带水冷装置的耐高温加长激振杆实现激励的施加,设计耐高温陶瓷引伸杆进行振动信号的测试,通过有限元仿真分析与试验数据对比,验证所提热模态试验方案的可行性.结果 当激振杆的正弦扫频试验在20～1000 Hz范围内,其传递函数值接近于1,说明激振杆传递性能良好.陶瓷引伸杆对试验件前四阶模态频率及振型影响较小,验证了陶瓷引伸杆设计的有效性.试验数据表明,试验件材料的刚度随着环境温度的升高逐渐降低,导致各阶模态的频率呈逐渐降低的趋势.结论 高温会使舵面结构的模态参数降低,该研究为后续型号产品的热模态试验提供了的试验手段和技术支持.