我国城市天然气替代燃煤集中供暖的大气污染减排效果

基于国家发改委“天然气利用政策”中的天然气利用领域,利用等热值替代方法计算不同领域天然气替代后的污染物减排效果,从大气污染减排角度对天然气各个利用领域的优先次序重新排列,并对2010年全国15个重点供暖城市天然气替代燃煤集中供暖的大气污染物减排量进行测算.结论表明:天然气集中供暖的大气污染减排效果排序处于前列,城市利用天然气替代燃煤集中供暖对CO2、颗粒物(PM)、SO2和NOx都有较明显的减排效果.2010年我国15个重点城市如果采用天然气集中供暖,共可减少CO2排放量2190.71万t、颗粒物(PM)排放量734.24万t、SO2排放量40.21万t、NOx排放量22.56万t.     

中国钢铁行业技术减排的协同效益分析

选取钢铁行业的22项节能减排措施,评估和比较了各项措施的减排潜力、减排成本和协同效益,力图得到钢铁行业减排的最优路径.研究结果表明:基于2012年的钢铁产量和生产结构,我国钢铁行业的技术减排潜力约为146.8Mt CO2、314.2kt SO2、265.7kt NOx和161.5kt PM10,分别占钢铁行业2012年总排放量的9.7%、13.1%、27.3%和8.9%;如果考虑节能收益,有10项措施具有经济可行性,累积减排潜力约为98.0Mt CO2、210.0kt SO2、211.0kt NOx和89.0kt PM10;如果综合考虑节能收益和协同效益,有14项措施具有经济可行性,累计减排潜力约为123.4Mt CO2、264.0kt SO2、234.0kt NOx和130.0kt PM10.钢铁行业开展技术减排时,需要综合考虑减排成本、节能收益和协同效益,参考减排成本选择最成本有效的措施.     

污染河流底泥亚铁氧化硝酸盐还原菌分离及代谢特性

采用常规分离培养方法,从富含亚铁厌氧还原态底泥中分离得到多株亚铁氧化硝酸还原菌,并从中选取1株:FX-Fe5菌株进行详细分析研究.经革兰氏染色、光学显微镜及扫描电镜观察,该菌为革兰氏染色阴性长杆菌,经16SrRNA测序分析确定为:拉乌尔菌属种类(Raoultella sp.).利用亚铁作为单独电子供体和亚铁与不同比例乙酸作为共同电子供体反硝化反应液,研究了FX-Fe5菌株对亚铁、硝酸盐氮和有机物的代谢特点.结果表明,FX-Fe5在24h内可对亚铁进行较大幅度的去除,去除率(%)分别为:89.77±0.47a(亚铁与乙酸盐比例1:1)、87.01±0.22b(亚铁与乙酸盐比例3:1)、86.96±0.07b(仅亚铁)、72.97±0.53c(亚铁与乙酸盐比例1:3),高于文献报道大部分纯菌的亚铁氧化率;亚铁和乙酸盐为共同电子供体时,乙酸和亚铁在硝酸还原过程中同步减少;重复反应的结果发现FX-Fe5菌株在不提供乙酸盐时,不能持续地利用亚铁进行硝酸还原反应.FX-Fe5菌株利用亚铁对硝酸还原过程中没有出现明显的亚硝酸盐氮和氨的积累,各反应体系反应气体中都含有N2O的存在,所占比例都不高,最高的情况不超过0.5%(5000×10-6),但不同电子供体间差别非常大.利用Biology对碳源代谢特点分析表明,FX-Fe5菌株但对单糖/糖苷/聚合糖类优先利用且利用程度较高.     

《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》实施对燃煤电厂大气汞减排的影响

为评估GB 13223─2011《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》实施对燃煤电厂大气Hg(汞)减排的影响,采用“自下而上”排放因子法,对燃煤电厂大气Hg排放量进行了估算,通过设计不同发展情景,对排放标准实施条件下我国燃煤电厂大气Hg减排量(不含港澳台地区数据,下同)进行了预测. 结果表明:不同能耗情景下,预计2015年燃煤电厂的煤炭消费量为18.5×108~20.3×108 t,2020年煤炭消费量可达19.7×108~22.5×108 t;GB 13223─2011实施后,大气污染控制设施包括ESP(静电除尘器)、FF(袋式除尘器)、WFGD(湿法脱硫)和SCR(选择性催化还原脱硝)的应用比例亟需提高,控制设施面临提效改造,主要控制技术组合SCR+ESP+WFGD在2015年和2020年的应用比例将达到40%、75%;改造后技术组合FF+WFGD、ESP+WFGD、SCR+ESP+WFGD可分别实现90%、85%、80%的脱Hg效率. 由此可为我国燃煤电厂大气Hg排放带来巨大的协同减排潜力,与2010年约119 t的排放水平相比,2015年和2020年在低能耗情景下,我国燃煤电厂大气Hg减排幅度可分别高达38%和39%. 为进一步提高燃煤电厂大气的Hg减排量,建议逐步推广应用活性炭喷射(ACI)等技术.      

Washing out heavy metals from contaminated soils from an iron and steel smelting site

Washing is a promising method for separating contaminants bound to the particles of soil ex-situ by chemical mobilization. Laboratory batch washing experiments were conducted using deionized water and varying concentrations of oxalic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA) to assess the efficiency of using these chemicals as washing agents and to clean up heavy metals from two heavily polluted soils from an iron and streel smelting site. The toxicity reduction index and remediation costs were analyzed, and the results showed that the soils were polluted with Cd, Pb and Zn. Hydrochloric acid and EDTA were more efficient than the other washing agents in the remediation of the test soils. The maximum total toxicity reduction index showed that 0.5 mol·L^-1 hydrochloric acid could achieve the remediation with the lowest costs.     

助剂Ga对V2O5-MoO3/TiO2催化剂脱硝性能的影响

对V₂O₅-MoO₃/TiO₂脱硝催化剂进行Ga改性处理,制备了一系列不同Ga₂O₃质量分数的V₂O₅-MoO₃-Ga₂O₃/TiO₂脱硝催化剂。采用XRD、N₂-吸附脱附、H₂-TPR、UV-vis、拉曼光谱、NH₃-TPD等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果显示：Ga的添加对催化剂上MoO_x物种的影响不大,但降低了催化剂上VO_x物种的聚合度,从而提升催化剂的还原性能,同时Ga的添加还减少了催化剂的酸性位。当Ga₂O₃质量分数为0.2%时,V₂O₅-MoO₃-Ga₂O₃/TiO₂催化剂的脱硝性能最佳。     

Ce-Fe/ZSM-5催化剂NH3选择性催化还原NO性能研究

通过浸渍法将Ce和Fe负载在ZSM-5载体上,制备了1.40%Fe/ZSM-5（数字为金属组分的质量分数,下同）、0.25%Ce/ZSM-5、0.25%Ce-1.40%Fe/ZSM-5和0.50%Ce-1.40%Fe/ZSM-5催化剂。对催化剂进行了表征并研究了其NH₃选择性催化还原（NH₃-SCR）NO的性能。实验结果表明,双金属改性的0.25%Ce-1.40%Fe/ZSM-5催化剂的活性温度窗口范围最广,在350~450 ℃范围内NO转化率超过98%。Ce和Fe以无定型氧化物的形态良好分散在ZSM-5载体表面,没有改变ZSM-5分子筛的微孔结构。0.25%Ce-1.40%Fe/ZSM-5催化剂的有效还原峰面积更大,孤立Fe³⁺和Ce⁴⁺物种含量更多,氧化还原性能显著,催化剂表面具有丰富的中等强度酸性位且酸量较大,有利于 NH₃-SCR 反应的进行。     

Home composting as an alternative treatment option for organic household waste in Denmark: An environmental assessment using life cycle assessment-modelling

An environmental assessment of the management of organic household waste (OHW) was performed from a life cycle perspective by means of the waste-life cycle assessment (LCA) model EASEWASTE. The focus was on home composting of OHW in Denmark and six different home composting units (with different input and different mixing frequencies) were modelled. In addition, incineration and landfilling was modelled as alternatives to home composting. The most important processes contributing to the environmental impact of home composting were identified as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (load) and the avoided emissions in relation to the substitution of fertiliser and peat when compost was used in hobby gardening (saving). The replacement of fertiliser and peat was also identified as one of the most sensible parameters, which could potentially have a significant environmental benefit. Many of the impact categories (especially human toxicity via water (HTw) and soil (HTs)) were affected by the heavy metal contents of the incoming OHW. The concentrations of heavy metals in the compost were below the threshold values for compost used on land and were thus not considered to constitute a problem. The GHG emissions were, on the other hand, dependent on the management of the composting units. The frequently mixed composting units had the highest GHG emissions. The environmental profiles of the home composting scenarios were in the order of −2 to 16 milli person equivalents (mPE) Mg⁻¹ wet waste (ww) for the non-toxic categories and −0.9 to 28 mPE Mg⁻¹ ww for the toxic categories. Home composting performed better than or as good as incineration and landfilling in several of the potential impact categories. One exception was the global warming (GW) category, in which incineration performed better due to the substitution of heat and electricity based on fossil fuels.     

燃煤电厂汞减排技术研究

介绍了燃煤电厂汞的3种排放形态,分析了燃煤电厂汞减排技术,如燃烧添加剂技术、吸收剂喷射技术、稳定剂固汞防溢技术、络合剂絮凝脱汞技术等。在此基础上提出了燃煤电厂汞减排技术选择影响因素,即燃煤煤质、运行工况、脱汞后副产物等,为我国电力行业汞污染控制及减排提供了参考。     

纳米金/碳纳米管修饰石墨电极测定邻苯二酚

采用自沉积方法将HAuCl4直接还原成纳米金颗粒并修饰在碳纳米管表面,所制备的纳米金(Au-CNTs/C)修饰电极对邻苯二酚(CAT)具有高的电催化氧化作用.采用循环伏安法考察CAT在Au-CNTs/C电极上的电化学行为,发现CAT在该修饰电极上发生可逆的氧化还原反应,在0.25V有明显的氧化峰.在磷酸盐缓冲溶液PBS(pH7.4)中,CAT的响应电流与浓度在5.0×10-7~5.0×10-3mol/L范围内呈线性关系,相关系数为0.9992,检出限为3.3×10-7mol/L.