单跑楼梯井内火灾过程的数值模拟

针对单跑楼梯井内的火灾过程，采用大涡模拟方法，通过改变单跑楼梯井顶层门的面积，探讨了门面积的改变对楼梯井内火灾过程中空气卷吸量、排烟量、楼梯井内平均氧气浓度以及楼梯井内外压差的影响，分析了火灾烟气流动的动力学特征。研究结果表明，随着单跑楼梯井门开口面积的增加，空气卷吸量和排烟量均增加，井内平均氧气浓度增加而井内外压差逐渐降低。计算结果显示，在火灾场景中，当单跑楼梯井顶层门面积较小时，以上物理量对门高度的变化更为敏感。     

Sustainable Water Resources Management in a Conflict Resolution Framework1

Abstract: A decision support system for sustainable water resources management in a water conflict resolution framework is developed to identify and evaluate a range of acceptable alternatives for the Geum River Basin in Korea and to facilitate strategies that will result in sustainable water resource management. Working with stakeholders in a “shared vision modeling” framework, sustainable management strategies are created to illustrate system tradeoffs as well as long‐term system planning. A multi‐criterion decision‐making (MCDM) approach using subjective scales is utilized to evaluate the complex water resource allocation and management tradeoffs between stakeholders and system objectives. The procedures used in this study include the development of a “shared vision model,” a simulated decision‐making support system (as a tool for sustainable water management strategies associated with water conflicts, management options, and planning criteria), and the application of MCDM techniques for evaluating alternatives provided by the model. The research results demonstrate the utility of the sustainable water resource management model in aid of MCDM techniques in facilitating flexibility during initial stages of alternative identification and evaluation in a basin suffering from severe water conflicts.     

Complementarity of No‐Take Marine Reserves and Individual Transferable Catch Quotas for Managing the Line Fishery of the Great Barrier Reef

Abstract: Changes in the management of the fin fish fishery of the Great Barrier Reef motivated us to investigate the combined effects on economic returns and fish biomass of no‐take areas and regulated total allowable catch allocated in the form of individual transferable quotas (such quotas apportion the total allowable catch as fishing rights and permits the buying and selling of these rights among fishers). We built a spatially explicit biological and economic model of the fishery to analyze the trade‐offs between maintaining given levels of fish biomass and the net financial returns from fishing under different management regimes. Results of the scenarios we modeled suggested that a decrease in total allowable catch at high levels of harvest either increased net returns or lowered them only slightly, but increased biomass by up to 10% for a wide range of reserve sizes and an increase in the reserve area from none to 16% did not greatly change net returns at any catch level. Thus, catch shares and no‐take reserves can be complementary and when these methods are used jointly they promote lower total allowable catches when harvest is relatively high and encourage larger no‐take areas when they are small.     

单纤维过滤介质表面尘粒捕集的随机模拟

基于控制面概念和粒子运动轨迹计算,建立单纤维过滤介质表面尘粒捕集的三维随机计算模型,采用Ku-wabara流场表征单纤维表面的气流绕流特征。计算分析了St数、无量纲粒径及单纤维过滤模型填充密度对沉积物形态结构和积尘状态下单纤维捕集效率的影响。结果指出,St数对沉积物形态结构具有显著作用,随St数减小,沉积物由紧密的堆积结构演变为分叉显著的树枝状结构。模拟结果还发现,无论过滤条件如何变化,无量纲单纤维捕集效率随捕集粒子数呈近似线性增加关系。     

圆柱形无约束气云爆炸高温效应研究

为了分析无约束可燃气云爆炸产生的高温伤害效应，建立了相应的数学模型，利用有限体积的离散方法，对无约束空间内甲烷浓度10％、高径比为1的圆柱形可燃气云爆炸的瞬态温度场进行了数值研究。研究结果表明，圆柱形可燃气云爆炸的温度场呈不对称性分布，靠近地面处足最危险区域，高温可能达到的最大怪直高度和最大水平距离分别约为圆柱体高的2倍和半径的3．2倍。对数值模拟结果的数据进行多项式拟合，得到了圆柱形可燃气云爆炸场最高温度随水平距离、初温及参与爆炸气云质量的函数关系式，给可燃气云爆炸灾害的预测及防护提供了科学依据。     

混凝土结构使役环境中氯离子浓度控制系统设计

本文结合湖北省自然科学基金项目"混凝土结构使役环境的智能模拟(2008CDB396)",在前期"211工程"项目"单轴约束可调式混凝土温度应力试验机"研究基础上,针对现有混凝土耐久性试验机在侵蚀溶液注入与氯离子浓度控制环境的空白,采用C51单片机为控制器,设计了一种混凝土结构使役环境中氯离子浓度控制系统,用于自动调节混凝土耐久性实验,模拟实验环境箱内的侵蚀溶液氯离子浓度,保证混凝土耐久性实验试件所处环境氯离子浓度稳定在设定的范围。系统采用溶液缓冲调节与循环注入方式,控制单元采用直读式离子浓度控制器,信号采集更方便。本系统不仅结构简洁,工作可靠性高,还能减少人力浪费,提高运行经济性。     

河南省城市化与生态环境耦合分析

根据城市化与生态环境耦合内涵,在SD方法的支持下建立河南省城市化与生态环境系统动力学模型。根据河南省统计资料,选取5种典型的耦合发展模式对河南省城市化与生态环境进行模拟。结果表明,在不同的模式下,该省城市化与生态环境耦合的结果和情景存在较大差异,5种耦合发展模式都有其显著的比较优势,同时也存在明显的发展缺陷。此外,根据河南省区域城市化与生态环境耦合特性,将全省18个行政市划分为5种耦合类型,表明只有分阶段和分地域推进城市化,才能实现河南省的城市化和生态环境的协调发展。     

炼油火炬系统水封罐设计压力研究

水封罐作为炼油火炬系统防止回火爆炸的重要安全设施,其设计应能保证在发生回火爆炸事故时不被破坏。采用数值模拟技术,利用FLACS工具,建立水封罐三维模型,模拟计算水封罐内的典型气体爆炸,据此提出水封罐的设计压力。结果表明:烃类气体(如甲烷、丙烷)在水封罐密闭空间内发生爆炸产生的压力为气体初始压力(绝压)的7~8倍,氢气爆炸产生的压力为气体初始压力(绝压)的10~12倍。对于炼油火炬系统,建议富氢气体排放系统的水封罐设计压力不低于1.0MPa(绝压),一般烃类火炬气排放系统的水封罐设计压力不低于0.7MPa(绝压)。     

输油管道弯头穿孔泄漏数值模拟

我国在役输油管道经过多年冲刷及腐蚀后,存在安全隐患,使得对输油管道泄漏事故的研究具有重要的现实意义。基于计算流体力学方法,采用有限容积法,建立管道泄漏控制方程,研究不同输送速度及泄漏孔径对泄漏后管内压强分布及泄漏量的影响。结果表明:泄漏孔径一定,输送速度分别与管内压强和泄漏量成正、负相关,泄漏口下游存在局部高压区;输送速度一定,泄漏孔径分别与管内压强和泄漏量成负、正相关,局部高压区的强度降低、范围减小。实际工作中可以采用一定方法增大管内输送速度或增大泄漏口径,从而减少实际的原油泄漏量。     

过程液氯贮槽装置封闭厂房及事故氯吸收塔联用安全效用分析

分析、设立液氯贮槽液相泄漏的几种典型事故情景,并利用液相泄漏、液池蒸发、重气扩散和人员中毒死亡概率等模型对比研究封闭厂房及事故氯吸收塔等安全措施对液氯贮槽液相泄漏扩散中毒后果的影响,给出不同事故情景下液氯泄漏速率、液池半径、液池蒸发速率、室外氯气中毒死亡概率等事故后果特征值。对封闭厂房及事故氯吸收塔安全效用进行定量分析和比较研究。结果表明,液氯贮槽的封闭厂房对抑制液氯泄漏扩散中毒事故后果效用明显;事故氯吸收塔能消除液氯贮槽微小孔泄漏所对应的小事故情景,还能对封闭厂房最严重泄漏事故后果起到初期削峰作用。显然,封闭厂房及事故氯吸收塔联用可以降低液氯贮槽事故影响后果,具有良好安全效用。