废铅酸蓄电池铅膏性质分析

为给废旧铅蓄电池铅膏的湿法回收工艺提供理论依据,对湖北金洋冶金股份有限公司破碎分选后的废铅膏进行了XRF、XRD、物理分析及化学分析等,确定了废铅膏的主要成分、理化性质等特性。结果表明,废铅膏粒径细小,碾钵磨细后能过120目的筛下物超过77.4%,这对湿法转化是有利的。废铅膏主要组成为64.5%PbSO4、29.5%PbO2、4.5%PbO、0.8%Pb及其他微量杂质元素,杂质主要包括Fe、Sb和Si等。因此,铅膏湿法处理时应该采取合适的净化工艺。     

超声萃取法处理含油污泥

应用超声强化技术,对以汽油为萃取剂的超声萃取法处理含油污泥的工艺进行了研究,筛选了调整剂、絮凝剂、破乳剂,探讨了萃取温度、萃取时间、超声频率、超声功率等对处理效果的影响。结果表明:在调整剂为采油废水、物料配比为v(萃取剂)∶v(调整剂)∶v(油污泥)=4∶4∶1的条件下,萃取工艺为萃取温度40℃、萃取时间15 min、超声频率40kHz、超声功率150 W时,可回收含油污泥中83.7%的油品。     

基于空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸的新型大气二NFDA1英监测技术研究

通过典型空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸(结合气固相分配模拟)和传统大流量大气采样仪的比对试验,探讨了基于空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸的新型大气二英监测技术的可行性。研究表明,基于空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸的大气固相二英毒性当量浓度和指纹特征与传统大流量大气监测技术的监测结果具有很好的可比性;基于空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸气固相分配模拟(利用Harner-Bidleman模型)的大气二英毒性当量浓度和指纹特征与传统大流量大气监测技术的监测结果具有很好的可比性。与传统大流量大气监测技术相比,基于空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸的新型大气二英监测技术可以利用现有的大气自动监测网络和气固相分配模型,具有采样成本低、代表性强和易于普及等优点,适合不同区域尺度大气二英的长期同步监测。     

水质农残测定中萃取液的选择研究

在农药残留分析的前处理技术中,液液萃取还占有很大的比重。如何合理、有效地选择萃取溶液,以达到在获得高回收率、高准确度和高精密度的同时,还能够保证该萃取液不会对环境造成二次污染,对实验人员无危害的目的,一直是大家所关心的问题。本文以13种农药为目标物质,以4种实验室常用的、危害小的溶剂体系作为萃取液,研究了在不同的极性条件下农药的溶出效率,以针对不同的项目来选取合适的萃取溶液。     

Chemically modified silica gel with 1-{4-[(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)amino]phenyl}ethanone: Synthesis, characterization and application as an efficient and reusable solid phase extractant for selective removal of Zn(II) from mycorrhizal treated fly-ash samples

1-{4-[(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)amino]phenyl}ethanone functionalized silica gel was synthesized and used as a highly efficient, selective and reusable solid phase extractant for separation and preconcentration of trace amount of Zn(II) from environmental matrices. The adsorbent was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis,¹³C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and BET surface area analysis. The dependence of zinc extraction on various analytical parameters such as pH, type and amount of eluent, sample flow rate and interfering ions were investigated in detail. The material exhibited superior adsorption efficiency for Zn(II) with high metal loading capacity of 1.0 mmol/g under optimum conditions. After adsorption, the recovery (> 98%) of metal ions was accomplished using 1.0 mol/L HNO₃ as an eluent. The sorbent was also regenerated by microwave treatment in milder acidic environment (0.1 mol/L HNO₃). The lower detection limit and preconcentration factor of the present method were found out to be 0.04 μg/L and 312.5 respectively. The modified silica surface possessed excellent selectivity for the target analytes and the adsorption/desorption process remained effective for at least ten consecutive cycles. The optimized procedure was successfully implemented for the extraction of Zn(II) from mycorrhizal treated fly ash and pharmaceutical samples with reproducible results.     

Palladium-phosphinous acid complexes catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of heteroaryl bromides with phenylboronic acid in water/alcoholic solvents

Highly active, air-stable and water-soluble palladium-phosphinous acid complexes have been applied to Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of heteroaryl bromides under mild conditions in water/alcoholic solvents. Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of heteroaryl bromides with phenylboronic acid occurred efficiently using palladium phosphinous acid complexes (POPd) and phase transfer catalyst (tetrabutylammonium bromide and polyethylene glycol) in water/ethanol mixture, water/propanol mixture and neat water respectively, the corresponding yields of cross-coupling heteroaryl-aryls were satisfied. The tert-butyl substituted ligand di-tert-butylphosphino in combination with POPd was found to be more active than the same family derived catalysts dipalladium complexes POPd1 and POPd2, and other two kinds of Pd-catalysts Pd(PPh₃)₄ and Pd₂(dba)₃. The mechanism of Suzuki cross-coupling reaction between heteroaryl bromides and phenylboronic acid in water was proposed with respect to the key role of phase transfer catalyst on the transmetallation step. Compared with other solid phase transfer catalysts, TBAB was tested as the ideal one. The alkalinity of base and the molar proportion between POPd and TBAB were investigated in water and alcoholic solvents. Notably, in the presence of TBAB adding alcoholic solvents into water enhanced the yields of target products. However in terms of the liquid phase transfer catalyst of PEGs, mixing water into PEGs could slightly decrease the yields with respect to the water free PEGs bulk phase, which was probably due to the homogenous liquid conditions in pure PEGs and weak interactions between PEGs and heteroaryl bromide molecules in water depending on their molecular chain lengths.     

碳纳米管固相萃取富集水样中苯胺类化合物

文章建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-UV分析水样中间硝基苯胺和邻硝基苯胺的方法。环境水样经多壁碳纳米管填充的固相萃取小柱富集净化后,以甲醇-水(70:30,V/V)为流动相,在Symmetry-C18色谱柱上分离,紫外光度法(λ=240 nm)分析目标化合物,采用外标法定量。结果表明,间硝基苯胺和邻硝基苯胺的平均加标回收率为85.2%¹06.0%,相对标准偏差为1.5%106.0%,相对标准偏差为1.5%⁶.4%(n=3)。以信噪比(S/N)为3计算,间硝基苯胺和邻硝基苯胺的检出限分别为0.047和0.039μg/L。方法可用于环境水样中间硝基苯胺和邻硝基苯胺残留量的测定。     

海口城区地表水环境中抗生素含量特征研究

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法研究了海口市城区主要地表水系(海甸五西路河段、鸭尾溪河段、东湖、西湖、红城湖、金牛岭公园人工湖以及美舍河)水体中喹诺酮类(环丙沙星、氧氟沙星)、磺胺类(磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲唑、磺胺二甲基嘧啶)2类共6种抗生素药物残留量。结果表明:(1)在海口市地表水系中6种抗生素皆有检出,检出浓度在3.4～1 385.8 ng/L之间,其中,磺胺甲唑、环丙沙星和氧氟沙星在水系每个检测断面中均有检出,磺胺甲唑的检出浓度最大,且含量明显高于欧美以及香港维多利亚港和珠江广州河段的抗生素药物残留量;(2)在海口市城区的地表水系中,喹诺酮类抗生素污染程度是金牛岭公园人工湖>红城湖>东湖>西湖>龙昆沟>美舍河>海甸五西路河段>鸭尾溪;磺胺类抗生素污染程度是西湖>鸭尾溪>海甸五西路河段>金牛岭公园人工湖>东湖>龙昆沟>红城湖>美舍河;(3)影响海口市城区地表水系中抗生素残留量水平的主要原因是气候环境、居住人口密度、污水排放量和水动力条件。     

植物基与固废基生物炭的结构性质差异

选取3种植物类原材料(玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆和青草)和3种固体废物类原材料(猪粪、蛋壳和污泥),在350℃下转化为生物炭,对2类生物炭的性质进行分析测定比较。结果表明,2类生物炭的pH与等电荷点(PZNC)相近,均在8.0¹0.0范围内。植物生物炭中碳含量为56.8%10.0范围内。植物生物炭中碳含量为56.8%⁶0.0%,高于固体废弃物生物炭(13.4%60.0%,高于固体废弃物生物炭(13.4%³9.1%);产率和灰分分别为22.3%39.1%);产率和灰分分别为22.3%⁴5.0%和21.8%45.0%和21.8%²2.3%,低于固体废弃物生物炭(44%22.3%,低于固体废弃物生物炭(44%⁵5.7%和45.1%55.7%和45.1%⁹0.4%);后者的阳离子交换能力(CEC)为4990.4%);后者的阳离子交换能力(CEC)为49³34 cmol/kg,显著高于前者(46.3334 cmol/kg,显著高于前者(46.3⁵0.1 cmol/kg),而其阴离子交换能力(AEC)为12.050.1 cmol/kg),而其阴离子交换能力(AEC)为12.0¹6.0 cmol/kg,低于植物生物炭(33.516.0 cmol/kg,低于植物生物炭(33.5⁶3.2 cmol/kg)。XRD分析表明植物生物炭含有大量KCl,而固体废物生物炭中主要矿物为CaCO3。2类生物炭的结构与性质差异显著,使它们在固碳、土壤改良、环境污染治理等方面有不同应用效果。     

城市废弃物处理温室气体排放研究:以厦门市为例

城市废弃物处理是城市人为活动产生温室气体的来源之一.参考IPCC国家温室气体清单指南2006推荐的方法建立了厦门市废弃物处理的温室气体排放计算模型,对厦门市2005～2010年废弃物处理的温室气体排放情况进行了估算,包括固体废弃物填埋、焚烧以及污水处理等过程.结果表明,2005年温室气体总排放量折合二氧化碳当量(CO2e)为406.3 kt,2010年温室气体总排放量(以CO2e计)达到704.6 kt,随着废水处理工艺的提高和城市生活垃圾量的迅速增长,主要排放源由废水处理转变为固体废弃物填埋.2005年填埋产生的温室气体排放占固体废弃物处理排放量的90%左右,2010年所占比例下降到75%.厦门市废水处理温室气体排放量2007年最高,以CO2e计达到325.5 kt,化学原料及化学品制造业从2005～2010年一直是厦门市CH4排放量最高的产业,占工业废水处理CH4排放总量的55%以上.