臭氧对膜法水处理中膜污染的影响

膜过滤是一种高效水处理技术,包括污水处理中的膜-生物反应器（membrane bioreactor,MBR）和针对二级生物处理出水（生产再生水）、地表水（生产饮用水）的膜过滤工艺等,其中膜污染是制约膜工艺应用的一个主要问题.臭氧具有强氧化性,在水处理上得到了广泛的应用.近十几年来,针对臭氧-膜过滤组合工艺的研究正变得越来越多,因此本文对这些研究进行了系统综述与分析.在MBR组合臭氧控制膜污染方面的研究中,目前结论相对较少.可以通过对MBR进水预臭氧化或者投加适量臭氧到MBR混合液这2种方式来减轻MBR膜污染.在针对微污染水的臭氧-膜过滤组合工艺中,根据臭氧的功能和结构形式主要分为3种,分别是污染膜臭氧清洗、分离式臭氧-膜工艺和一体式臭氧-膜工艺.绝大部分报道认为臭氧可以有效地控制膜污染的发展,但也有少数投加臭氧后膜污染加剧的情况.目前,臭氧化影响膜污染机制的研究主要集中在有机物方面,根据原水水质和工艺结构参数等的不同,颗粒物、微生物和无机物质也在这个过程中起着相应的作用.另外,在迄今为止的研究中,还缺乏对于臭氧投加方式和分散方式的统一衡量和比较标准.作者建议应该加强对一体式臭氧-膜组合工艺的研究,并且要注意臭氧投加的工艺经济性.     

膜曝气生物膜反应器同步硝化反硝化研究

炭膜作为膜曝气生物膜反应器膜组件处理人工合成废水,在单一反应器内实现了同时去碳脱氮.结果表明,当进水COD和NH^＋₄-N浓度分别为338 mg/L和75 mg/L,HRT为14 h,炭膜腔内压力为13.6 kPa时,COD、NH⁺₄-N和TN的去除效率分别为82.5%、 95.1%和84.2%.但是在反应器运行的后期TN去除效率明显下降,主要是因为高有机负荷导致无纺布上的微生物过度繁殖,严重影响了硝化过程的进行.通过荧光原位杂交和扫描电镜技术观察生物膜微生物结构,得出厌氧或兼氧菌主要分布在生物膜外层的缺氧区,而氨氧化菌主要分布在生物膜内层的好氧区.硝化细菌和反硝化细菌在生物膜内的共存实现了炭膜曝气生物膜反应器的同步硝化反硝化.     

高密度微阵列基因芯片技术在微生物分子生态学研究中的运用

应用基于16S rDNA 的高密度微阵列基因芯片(Microarray)技术对膜生物反应器内的微生物多样性进行研究.结果表明,膜生物反应器具有较高的微生物多样性,Microarray共检测到1 019种微生物.Proteobacteria是其中的优势种,共含有657种微生物,占总种群数量的64.5%左右.gamma Proteobacteria是Proteobacteria中的优势种,占35.8%左右,但相对含量一般并不高.beta Proteobacteria虽然种群数量稍少,但其在荧光强度最高的前25种和50种微生物中比重最大,分别占40%和36%左右.通过比较微生物的相对荧光强度,发现Clostridia是系统中的优势微生物种属.一些常见的硝化细菌如Nitrosomonadaceae、Nitrospiraceae等也具有较高的含量.Microarray作为一种实时、高效、准确的分子生物学手段,可应用于废水处理中的微生物多样性研究.     

An innovative membrane bioreactor and packed-bed biofilm reactor combined system for shortcut nitrification-denitrification

An innovative shortcut biological nitrogen removal system, consisting of an aerobic submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) and an anaerobic packed-bed biofilm reactor (PBBR), was evaluated for treating high strength ammonium-bearing wastewater. The system was seeded with enriched ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and operated without sludge purge with a decreased hydraulic retention time (HRT) through three phases. The MBR was successful in both maintaining nitrite ratio over 0.95 and nitrification efficiency higher than 98% at a HRT of 24 h. The PBBR showed satisfactory denitrification efficiency with very low effluent nitrite and nitrate concentration (both below 3 mg/L). By examining the nitrification activity of microorganism, it was found that the specific ammonium oxidization rate (SAOR) increased from 0.17 to 0.51 g N/(g VSS·d) and then decreased to 0.22 g N/(g VSS·d) at the last phase, which resulted from the accumulation of extracellular polymers substances (EPS) and inert matters enwrapped around the zoogloea. In contrast, the average specific nitrite oxidization rate (SNOR) is 0.002 g N/(g VSS·d), only 1% of SAOR. Because very little Nitrobactor has been detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), it is confirmed that the stability of high nitrite accumulation in MBR is caused by a large amount of AOB.     

Performance of microbiological control by a point-of-use filter system for drinking water purification

Purification capacity of a faucet mounted type water filter for home use was evaluated, particularly with regard to microbiological performance under di erent running conditions. Biofilms were formed inside the filter, a ecting the bacterial quality of the e uent water. Low flow rate, long stagnation period and high filter temperature were found favorable for bacterial growth inside. By commercial analytical profile index (API) kits, ten di erent bacterial species were identified in drinking water, four of which were probably contributed to the biofilm formation since they were also present in the biofilm. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to confirm the API identification results, and direct viable count (DVC) method was employed to improve the sensitivity of FISH for the isolated Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas putida as models. Relationship between the filter operating condition and the bacterial community alteration was partly revealed, which could provide the basic knowledge for the filter design and its practical use.     

内压式中空纤维超滤膜污染模型研究

以流体力学和过滤理论为基础,建立了一个描述内压式中空纤维超滤膜污染的数学模型。该模型将膜的性质、原水的性质、清洗条件等多种因素对超滤过程的影响,用一个参数——膜堵塞系数表示。实验以造纸黒液稀释水为原水,对模型参数进行了拟合、验证,模拟计算结果与实验实测数据比较吻合,说明该模型能较好的模拟内压式中空纤维超滤膜过滤过程。     

一体式膜生物反应器处理生活污水的研究

研究了一体式膜生物反应器对生活污水的处理效果。实验结果表明,膜生物反应器对COD、TOC、NH4+-N、TN、TP的平均去除率为93.4%、96.2%、97.2%、63.8%、60.6%,并且污泥活性随着运行时间的延长而有所降低。     

pH值调节对红霉素膜浆中抗生素的降解作用

利用微生物法对红霉素膜浆中的红霉素药物残留量进行测定,红霉素残留量为265．88μg／mL。再通过调节pH值不同对膜浆残留红霉素的降解进一步研究。利用盐酸将膜浆的pH值调到2时,残留红霉素浓度为15．03μg／mL;降解率为94．35％。     

纤维乙醇黑液处理

采用微电解＋厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）＋上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）＋膜生物反应器（MBR）组合工艺对纤维乙醇黑液进行处理。结果表明：当黑液中COD质量浓度在12000mg／L左右,该组合工艺中厌氧停留时间（HRT）为48h时,厌氧COD去除率达到72％,MBR中的HRT为20h时,COD的去除率在80．8％～87．5％之间,出水COD质量浓度稳定在301～537mg／L．且MBR抗冲击负荷能力较强。     

生物表面活性剂强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的可行性

利用有机配体强化植物修复重金属污染土壤是提高植物修复效果的常用措施．但大部分有机配体会引起二次污染而限制了其在土壤重金属修复中的应用。如果能将生物表面活性剂强化植物修复不仅会弥补这一不足．而且还能降低费用。生物表面活性剂在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用以及生物表面活性剂去除重金属的机理表明,将其强化植物修复是完全可行的,并且可以增加植物细胞膜透性,更好地促进植物对重金属的吸收。