Progress and challenges in consolidating the management of Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories

Effective management refers to the ability of a protected area or indigenous territory to meet its objectives, particularly as they relate to the protection of biodiversity and forest cover. Effective management is achieved through a process of consolidation, which among other things requires legally protecting sites, integrating sites into land‐use planning, developing and implementing management and resource‐use plans, and securing long‐term funding to pay for recurrent costs. Effectively managing all protected areas and indigenous territories in the Amazon may be needed to avoid a deforestation tipping point beyond which regional climatic feedbacks and global climate change interact to catalyze irreversible drying and savannization of large areas. At present, protected areas and indigenous territories cover 45.5% (3.55 million km²) of the Amazon, most of the 60–70% forest cover required to maintain hydrologic and climatic function. Three independent evaluations of a long‐term large‐scale philanthropic initiative in the Amazon yielded insights into the challenges and advances toward achieving effective management of protected areas and indigenous territories. Over the life of the initiative, management of sites has improved considerably, particularly with respect to management planning and capacity building, but few sites are effectively managed and many lack sufficient long‐term financing, adequate governance, support of nongovernmental organizations, and the means to withstand economic pressures. The time and money required to complete consolidation is still poorly understood, but it is clear that philanthropic funding is critical so long as essential funding needs are not met by governments and other sources, which could be on the order of decades. Despite challenges, it is encouraging that legal protection has expanded greatly and management of sites is improving steadily. Management of protected areas in other developing countries could be informed by improvements that have occurred in Amazonian countries.     

Stipulation of the criteria for the construction of eco agricultural county in China

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过氧化氢存在下HCFC－22光解特性

模拟大气条件研究了ＨＣＦＣ－２２＋Ｈ２Ｏ２在有氧或无氧存在下用低压汞灯进行辐照，在２０ｍ的长光程池中用富里叶红外光仪测量其化学产物，结果表明在没有氧情况下产物为ＣＯＦ２、ＣＯ２、ＨＦ和ＨＣｌ；有氧存在时产物为ＣＯ２、Ｈ２Ｏ、ＨＦ和ＨＣｌ．从这些产物推出其可能的光解机理．     

Effects of temperature and fertilization on total vs. active bacterial communities exposed to crude and diesel oil pollution in NW Mediterranean Sea

The dynamics of total and active microbial communities were studied in seawater microcosms amended with crude or diesel oil at different temperatures (25, 10 and 4 °C) in the presence/absence of organic fertilization (Inipol EAP 22). Total and hydrocarbon-degrading microbes were enumerated by fluorescence microscopy and Most Probable Number (MPN) method, respectively. Total (16S rDNA-based) vs. active (16S rRNA) bacterial community structure was monitored by Capillary-Electrophoresis Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (CE-SSCP) fingerprinting. Hydrocarbons were analyzed after 12 weeks of incubation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total and hydrocarbon-degrading microbial counts were highly influenced by fertilization while no important differences were observed between temperatures. Higher biodegradation levels were observed in fertilized microcosms. Temperature and fertilization induced changes in structure of total bacterial communities. However, fertilization showed a more important effect on active bacterial structure. The calculation of Simpson's diversity index showed similar trends among temperatures whereas fertilization reduced diversity index of both total and active bacterial communities.     

Ce-MCM-22分子筛的合成与吸附动力学研究

采用静态水热晶化法,以硅溶胶为硅源、六亚甲基亚胺(HMI)为模板剂,通过掺杂Ce合成了具有MWW层状结构的Ce-MCM-22分子筛。并利用粉末X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等方法对其进行了表征,对其进行了吸附动力学的研究。研究表明,Ce-MCM-22吸附动力方程拟一级方程为y=-0.028 1x-0.136,R2=0.983 4。Ce-MCM-22吸附动力方程拟二级方程为y=0.465 7x+1.2005,R2=0.999 5,说明拟二级反应模型更能真实地反映分子筛吸附亚甲蓝溶液的反应机理。     

中国区域HCFC-142b排放量模式反演研究

利用拉格朗日粒子扩散模式FLEXPART结合上甸子区域本底站在线观测HCFC-142b数据,采取自上而下的反演方法,估算了2009和2010年中国HCFC-142b的排放量分别为10.82kt/a和15.42kt/a,分别占全球HCFC-142b排放量的29.7%和45.8%.反演HCFC-142b排放量的空间分布结果显示其排放源主要集中在京津冀、四川、山东西部以及长江中下游地区,与相关研究中自下而上方法获得的排放量分布一致.模式反演源较先验源更接近观测数据,2009年相关系数从0.38提高到0.47,2010年相关系数则从0.60提高到0.65.     

长光路傅立叶变换红外光谱技术研究氯氟烃替代物与氢氧自由基反应速率常数

利用长光路傅立叶变换红外光谱技术（LP－FTIR）,用相对速率方法研究大气中氯氟烃替代物HFC152a（CHF₂CH₃）和HCFC22（CHClF₂）与OH自由基反应速率常数,用紫外光照射O₃和H₂O的方法产生OH自由基。实验测定了700Tor大气压力和常温（298±2k）下的反应速率常数值：k（HFCl52a＋OH）＝（2.90±0.09）×10^－14cm₃·molecule^－1．S^－1,k（HCFC22＋OH）＝（3.80±0.24）×10^－15cm3．Molecule^－1．S^－1,统计误差为2σ     

Trisomic 22 placenta in a case of severe intrauterine growth retardation

We describe a case in which a trisomic 22 placenta could be the cause of severe growth retardation in a chromosomally normal female fetus. At amniocentesis a mosaic 46,XX/ 47,XX, +22 was observed in amniotic fluid specimens sampled on two different occasions, while fetal blood from a diagnostic cordocentesis revealed a normal chromosome constitution. Postnatal studies showed the consistent presence of trisomic 22 cells in the placenta, while only normal metaphases were found in amnion, blood, and fibroblast cultures.     

Cross-hybridization of the chromosome 13/21 alpha satellite DNA probe to chromosome 22 in the prenatal screening of common chromosomal aneuploidies by fish

In a routine application of commercially available centromeric DNA probes for the prenatal screening of common trisomies involving the autosomes 13, 18, and 21, and sex chromosomes, four cases of discrepancy between fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results and follow-up cytogenetic analysis were observed from a total of 516 cases of amniocentesis. In three of these cases, the results were false negative, and in one false positive. In this case, amniocentesis was performed because of a positive triple test in a 34-year-old woman with previous infertility treatment. The alpha satellite DNA probe for chromosomes 13/21 revealed five signals in 50 per cent of uncultured amniocytes, while standard cytogenetic analysis showed a normal karyotype. FISH analysis on metaphase chromosomes demonstrated the location of the additional signal in the centromeric region of chromosome 22. This additional signal was also present in the centromeric region of chromosome 22 of the mother, providing evidence for a possible inherited polymorphism in chromosome 22 responsible for unspecific hybridization with the alpha satellite probe for chromosomes 13/21 in this case. The observed polymorphism in centromeric regions may contribute to unreliability of the use of the 13/21 alpha satellite probe for prenatal screening by FISH.