长治市沙尘天气污染特征及传输路径解析

以2018年3次沙尘天气为研究对象,分析了PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度、水溶性离子组分、气象条件和气溶胶光学特征,研究了长治市沙尘天气的典型污染特征和传输路径.结果表明：长治市2018年共8d为受沙尘天气影响日,其中4月份最多（5d）,这与春季大气环流调整,冷暖空气活动频繁有关.沙尘污染发生前一般受西方或西北方冷空气影响,大气层结不稳定,大气环流转为经向环流,平均风速达4m/s以上;沙尘污染过程中PM_2.5/PM₁₀均低于0.3,环境空气中粗颗粒物占比较大,水溶性离子总浓度在PM_2.5中占比下降,Ca²⁺浓度为沙尘污染发生前的4倍以上.冬季沙尘为近地面扩散传输,春夏季沙尘为高空沉降传输,影响范围大,区域传输贡献明显.长治市沙尘重要潜在源区为蒙古国、哈萨克斯坦中部和新疆中北部的荒漠地区,传输路径主要为西北路径和正北路径,其中西北路径为哈萨克斯坦—新疆中北部—内蒙古西部—长治以及新疆中北部—内蒙古西部—长治两条路径,正北路径为蒙古国—内蒙古中部—山西北部—长治.     

2019年西安首场雾霾PM2.5关键特征的综合诊断

通过对WRF-Chem（Weather Research and Forecasting Model Coupled to Chemistry）环境模式模拟资料、HYSPLIT（HYbrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model）前/后向气团轨迹资料、环境站监测资料，以及西安理工大学（Xi''an University of Technology，简称XUT）多波长激光雷达、米散射激光雷达、能见度仪、粒谱仪等观测资料的综合诊断，探讨了2019年1月初发生在西安的雾霾过程（记为首场雾霾）PM_2.5组分、分布及传输特征，旨在为雾霾气溶胶研究提供有益的个例积累.定性、定量双重检验表明，Chem模式较成功复制了此次雾霾气溶胶过程.利用这些可靠的模式数据分析表明，PM_2.5中碳气溶胶的主要组分为有机碳，约占85%，强盛期气溶胶各组分随高度增加均呈递减趋势，各组分近地面浓度最高.通过对两类不同方法获取的消光系数对比分析表明，相比于模式数据，激光雷达数据具有更高的垂直分辨率，因此，更善于描述消光廓线的细节特征.通过对多源资料的综合诊断最终揭示出，"北风涌"是雾霾消散的关键影响因子，沿铜川-西安-山阳一带存在着污染物传输的重要路径，雾霾由此体现出自北向南依次消散的特征.     

浅谈如何开展环境监测类设施公众开放日活动

随着城市工业化的快速发展,突发性环境污染事故逐渐增多,因此,环境公众开放日活动显得尤为重要。本文结合实际情况,探讨如何开展监测类公众开放日活动。     

本溪地区灰霾天气时空分布特征分析研究

近年来,灰霾天气对本溪地区的影响越来越严重,由霾引发的环境污染对人们生产生活造成的影响也越来越大,因此对灰霾天气发生的时空分布特征的研究就尤为重要.文章运用本溪地面观测2012-2014年本溪市、本溪县、桓仁县3个国家基本站的观测资料,对霾日进行筛选和统计,分析本溪地区霾日发生的时空分布特征,本溪地区霾日数呈逐年增长趋势,2014年霾日数增长迅速.本溪地区冬半年霾日明显多于夏半年,两县霾日少于市区,空气质量优于市区.     

Secondary analysis of time of day on simulated driving performance

PROBLEM: Age and gender are frequently controlled for in studies of driving performance, but the effects of time of day or circadian cycles on performance are often not considered. Previous research on time of day effects of simulated driving is contradictory and provides little guidance for understanding the impact of these variables on results. METHODS: Using driving simulator data from 79 subjects ages 18 to 65, this paper focuses on the impact of age, gender, and time of day on the simulated driving performance of subjects who self-selected the time of participation. RESULTS: Time of day effects were consistently evident for drivers' speed overall and across different simulated environments. Drivers in the late afternoon period consistently drove significantly slower than drivers in other time periods. Age and gender affected speed such that women and those participants 50 and older tended to drive more slowly. Time of day also had an effect on reaction time and on speed variability measures. Gender did not have significant effects on reaction time or variability measures, but age effects were present. SUMMARY: Taken together, the results suggest that time of day effects should be considered as part of simulated driving performance, and that interactions between time of day and other variables, notably age, should be controlled for as part of future research. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Implications of these findings on current efforts for older driver testing are discussed.     

上海一次典型雾霾过程中不同天气现象的气溶胶光学特性及转化机制

以上海市2013年冬季一次持续雾霾过程为例,根据能见度和相对湿度的地面观测资料将雾霾过程划分为干霾、湿霾、雾3种不同天气现象,对不同天气现象的气溶胶光学特性垂直分布特征进行了研究,并初步分析不同天气现象的转化机制.结果表明,3种不同天气现象的发生顺序为湿霾→干霾→湿霾及湿霾→雾→干霾→湿霾,相对湿度对能见度的影响最大,温度次之,再次是风速,而PM_(2.5)对能见度的影响最小.CALIPSO(Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation)探测期间,存在2~3 km明显气溶胶层,且不同天气现象的气溶胶层厚度不同(雾湿霾干霾);雾霾发生期间,1.0 km以下高度气溶胶消光能力最大;在干霾、湿霾到雾的转化过程中,球形、大粒径气溶胶增多,非球形、小粒径气溶胶减少.     

Application of Agriculture‐Developed Demographic Analysis for the Conservation of the Hawaiian Alpine Wekiu Bug

Insects that should be considered for conservation attention are often overlooked because of a lack of data. The detailed information necessary to assess population growth, decline, and maximum range is particularly difficult to acquire for rare and cryptic species. Many of these difficulties can be overcome with the use of life table analyses and heat energy accumulation models common in agriculture. The wekiu bug (Nysius wekiuicola), endemic to the summit of one volcanic mountain in Hawaii, is a rare insect living in an environmentally sensitive alpine stone desert, where field‐based population assessments would be inefficient or potentially detrimental to natural and cultural resources. We conducted laboratory experiments with the insects by manipulating rearing temperatures of laboratory colonies and made detailed observations of habitat conditions to develop life tables representing population growth parameters and environmental models for wekiu bug phenology and demographic change. Wekiu bugs developed at temperatures only found in its environment on sunny days and required the thermal buffer found on cinder cones for growth and population increase. Wekiu bugs required approximately 3.5 months to complete one generation. The bug developed optimally from 26 to 30 °C, temperatures that are much higher than the air temperature attains in its elevational range. The developmental temperature range of the species confirmed a physiological reason why the wekiu bug is only found on cinder cones. This physiology information can help guide population monitoring and inform habitat restoration and conservation. The wekiu bug was a candidate for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, and the developmental parameters we quantified were used to determine the species would not be listed as endangered or threatened. The use of developmental threshold experiments, life table analyses, and degree day modeling can directly inform otherwise unobservable habitat needs and demographic characteristics of extremely rare insects. Aplicación de Análisis Demográfico de Desarrollo Agrícola para la Conservación del Insecto Weiku Alpino Hawaiano     

黑道凶日研究

本文提出的优势期和优势值是灾害年内出现机会最多的日期和强度，其中优势期就是黑道凶日。统计表明，黑道凶日位于节气日和节气之间的黄金分割日及其附近，在时空分布上具有许多特点。     

近49年中国夏季制冷度日数的变化

利用全国531个气象站1960~2008年逐日平均气温资料，分析了近49 a来我国夏季制冷度日数的变化趋势，并以浙江省为例分析了制冷度日数与夏季空调降温电力负荷的关系。主要结论如下：我国日平均温度等于或高于26℃的日数（1971~2000年平均）大于10 d，夏季有制冷需求的站点主要分布在新疆、四川盆地和太行山 巫山 雪峰山一线以东地区，以及云南干热河谷地区。1960~2008年我国黄河以北地区夏季有制冷需求的站点6~9月平均气温从20世纪90年代中期开始呈现出较明显的上升趋势，使得制冷日数和度日数都相应增加；黄河以南、南岭以北地区近49 a来6~9月平均气温线性趋势不明显，制冷度日数变化不大；南岭以南地区6~9月气温持续上升，夏季制冷度日数的增加最为显著。以浙江省为例的分析显示，制冷度日数与夏季空调降温电力负荷有很好的线性相关关系，可以用来预测降温耗电量。
     

Effects of ecological factors on the diurnal activity rhythm of Yakutian black-capped marmots (Marmota camtschatica bungei) in the arctic

It is established that the activity of marmots (the genusMarmota) on the surface is timed to the daylight period. In the Arctic, under conditions of continuous illumination (the polar day), the diurnal rhythm of black-capped marmotsMarmota camtschatica bungei on the surface has a “daylight” pattern. The main external regulator of the diurnal rhythm is the altitude of the sun above the horizon. In the cold period, however, the effect of air temperature on animal activity becomes stronger.