北京市典型废弃物焚烧源2010—2017年二NFDA1英排放特征和减排效果分析

分析2010—2017年北京市三类典型废弃物焚烧源的废气二NFDA1英排放监测数据,计算排放因子和排放量,评估减排政策成效,并分析不同排放源达标排放时同类物分布特征异同和变化规律,探讨影响排放的重要因素。结果表明: 5家焚烧源平均排放浓度为 0.008～0.069 ng/m³(以TEQ计,下同),废气二NFDA1英排放因子为 0.027～1.7 μg/t,2016年向空气中排放的二NFDA1英量为 0.002 5～0.058 g；生活垃圾、危险废物和医疗废物焚烧源的低、高氯代同类物质量分数比的平均值分别为接近于 0.5、大于0.5和小于0.5,危险废物焚烧源的 ∑PCDFs、∑PCDDs质量分数比的平均值大于2； 123478-HxCDF和123678-HxCDF质量浓度接近且线性相关,具有相近的生成机理和去除效率； I-TEQ变化趋势与∑PCDFs质量分数的变化趋势基本一致,活性炭喷射和布袋除尘的去除效率是影响二NFDA1英排放的重要因素之一；危险废物焚烧源HWI1随运行时间增加排放浓度增加,而及时更换烟道管壁有助于消除“记忆效应”的不良影响。     

Critical review for the quantification of leachate production: Evaluation example for the “Oum Azza” public landfill in Rabat city,Morocco

The estimation of leachate quantities produced in landfills is necessary to dimension the treatment plants allowing to reduce the polluting load of these effluents and consequently avoid their negative impacts on the environment. Different leachate quantification methods were used in this study to assess the leachate volume produced at the Oum Azza landfill. The water balance method give comparable estimations of leachate production to the Ouled Berjal landfill ratio. The first method showed average values between 487 and 495 m³/day for 2015, 2018, and 2019, and at the same time, the second method gave values between 470 and 477 m³/day for the same years. In contrast, the World Bank ratio showed high values that vary between 2260 and 2295 m³/day for 2015, 2018, and 2019. The on-site data and the statistical analysis showed us that the World Bank ratio is not adapted for the estimation of the leachates produced in Oum Azza landfill, while the water balance and the ratio of Ouled Berjal landfill allowed to give comparable results to reality.     

酸碱度对生活垃圾焚烧厂沥滤液蒸发处理效果的影响

采用蒸发法处理城市生活垃圾焚烧厂垃圾沥滤液,着重考察了不同沥滤液初始pH值对蒸发去除COD和氨氮效果的影响,并采用GC-MS对蒸发冷凝液中有机物成分进行了分析鉴定.结果表明,生活垃圾沥滤液的初始pH对冷凝液中COD、氨氮含量及有机污染物分布产生了决定性的影响.沥滤液在酸性条件下(pH≤6)蒸发,随着pH的增加,冷凝液中COD的含量线性降低,而氨氮的含量线性增加.当沥滤液的初始pH值从6增加到11,冷凝液中COD的含量呈对数函数降低,而氨氮的含量表现出显著增加趋势.从冷凝液中鉴定出38种有机污染物,多为沸点较低的醇、酸、酚和酯类.在酸性条件下(pH=3),冷凝液中挥发性有机酸和低碳醇的相对丰度接近90％.在近中性条件下(pH=6.2),冷凝液中的有机污染物以酚、酸和杂环类化合物为主.在碱性条件下(pH =11),冷凝液中酚和杂环类化合物占比较高,而酸的含量极少.     

生活垃圾焚烧发电厂周边环境二噁英污染水平及人群暴露评估

选取某典型生活垃圾焚烧发电厂为研究对象,监测其周边环境空气、土壤、地下水、农作物等环境介质中二噁英的浓度水平,初步评估周边人群二噁英暴露水平。研究结果表明,该厂周边环境空气、土壤、地下水中二噁英测定值分别为0. 236 pg TEQ/m3～0. 331 pg TEQ/m3、1. 94 ng TEQ/kg～2. 71 ng TEQ/kg、0. 17 pg TEQ/L～0. 26 pg TEQ/L,企业排放的二噁英对周边环境影响较小;成人和儿童在暴露介质中摄入二噁英总量分别为0. 959 pg TEQ/(kg·d)和1. 59 pg TEQ/(kg·d),均低于4 pg TEQ/(kg·d)的标准,经大米和面粉摄入二噁英的量超过总暴露量的90%,提示食物是人群二噁英暴露的主要介质。     

生活垃圾与危险废物焚烧二噁英类排放特征研究

对某省52家焚烧企业(21家生活垃圾和31家危险废物)排放烟气数据进行了分析,结果表明,两类焚烧企业二噁英类17种单体分布有所不同,生活垃圾焚烧烟气中浓度较高的是O8CDD和O8CDF;危险废物焚烧烟气中较大的是2,3,4,7,8-P5CDF、2,3,7,8-T4CDD和1,2,3,7,8-P5CDD;两类焚烧企业二噁英类单体对I-TEQ贡献最高的都是2,3,4,7,8-P5CDF,贡献率分别为0. 7%～45%和10%～67%;两者的17种二噁英类与I-TEQ的相关性分析表明,1,2,3,7,8-P5CDF在2类焚烧炉中与I-TEQ均存在较高的相关性,其相关系数分别0. 932和0. 927,可以作为潜在的测定指示物。     

The formation of aerobic granular sludge for the treatment of real landfill leachate using a granular sequencing batch reactor at a constant volume

Leachate generated in a landfill may not be treated by conventional biological treatment due to its nature and complexity. The process of forming aerobic granules in batch sequencing reactors having features such as; reducing the settling process time and saving energy consumption and high decomposition rate have been noticed by researchers. In the present study, the structure of sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) was evaluated for the formation of granules, which were subsequently utilized for the treatment of landfill leachate. The experiment was initiated by using the GSBR, containing 1200 ml with different apparatuses, to develop granular sludge, and synthetic wastewater was added to reinforcement. The selected parameters for the operational hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the wastewater (6-h cycles) included feeding, idle, aeration, settling, and discharge. Furthermore, the controlled conditions were the dissolved oxygen (DO) range of 2–2.2 mg/L, temperature range of 20–23℃, and pH of 7.5–8.3. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), and sludge volume index (SVI) daily were measured at the influent and effluent of GSBR reactor. The main properties of aerobic granular sludge were identified during the research procedures, and the remarkable settling and potent, high-density microbial structure of the granules were confirmed. The mean size of the formulated granules was estimated at 7.46 ± 1.8 mm, and the volume of the biomass also increased from approximately 1607 to 4137 mg/L through the granulation process. Moreover, 98% of the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) could be removed by the formulated granular sludge, and the final-stage organic loading rate was estimated at 5.65 COD/m³/day. According to the results, GSBRs could be employed for the formulation of aerobic granular sludge for the treatment of landfill leachate.     

氨对垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出特性的影响及地球化学模拟

垃圾焚烧飞灰可能因为选择性非催化还原法(SNCR)脱硝过程中氨泄漏、垃圾携带的渗滤液受热挥发等原因而吸附氨.本研究中采用人为添加氨水,在pH为3.66～12.44范围内,研究氨对飞灰中溶解性有机碳(DOC)和重金属浸出的影响,并利用地球化学模拟软件Visual MINTEQ从金属化学形态分布上分析氨对飞灰浸出的影响机制.结果表明,DOC在pH>9和有高浓度氨(≥1 357 mg·L-1)存在时,其浸出量大幅增加,而在浸出液中氨的水平不高于537 mg·L-1时则受氨的影响很小;在pH<6时,飞灰中各金属主要以自由态的金属离子和金属-氯络离子形态大量溶出,且受氨的影响较小;而在pH为8～12的碱性环境中和氨浓度较高时(≥3 253 mg·L-1),氨与金属生成了可溶性的金属-氨配合物,能显著增加Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn的浸出,且在pH=9附近时浸出量达到最大值,但氨对Al和Pb的浸出影响甚微;在pH>12时,Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn主要以羟基金属离子形式存在.在氨浓度为3 253 mg·L-1时,通过利用Visual MINTEQ模拟浸出值与试验数据的对比,发现Al、Pb、Zn的浸出主要由溶解/沉淀模型控制,而Cd、Cu、Ni由溶解/沉淀模型和表面吸附反应模型同时控制,且Visual MINTEQ模型能较好地预测飞灰中Al、Cu、Pb、Zn的浸出特性.     

北京市生活垃圾焚烧厂耗能排污特征及节能减排潜力

将生活垃圾焚烧厂从整体到局部分为场站-工艺-单元三个层次,通过现场调查,获取了北京市生活垃圾焚烧设施在2009~2011年不同层次耗能排污数据。分析表明,在焚烧工艺中焚烧单元处理单位垃圾的电耗达到60.83 kW·h,余热发电单元水耗最大,尾气处理单元的电耗和水耗相对较小。不同场站在处理单位垃圾时烟气和炉渣产量比较接近,但飞灰排放差异较大,在2.92~24.78 kg/t垃圾之间。渗沥液水量年际变化较大,水质相对稳定,MBR单元对污染物的去除效果最好,但其耗电量较大,占渗沥液处理工艺总耗电量的87.55%。焚烧工艺发电最优值为423.77 kW·h/t垃圾,产生的电能除满足自身需求外,还剩余1.8×108 kW·h的电能,可用于渗沥液处理工艺或输向场站外部。每吨渗沥液处理最多可产生中水0.962 t,全北京市每年产生中水196456 t/a,使用潜力大。     

MBR＋两级DTRO系统处理垃圾渗滤液工程案例分析研究

对甘肃某垃圾填埋场渗滤液的来源、进水水质和设计出水水质进行分析,从可生化性、系统运行稳定性、渗滤液高浓度、高毒性等方面考虑,最终确定采用MBR＋两级DTRO系统对渗滤液进行处理.经该工艺处理后,COD、BOD5、NH3-N、TN和SS的去除率分别为：99.3％、99.6％、98.7％、98.4％和97.0％,出水水质能够满足《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》（GB 16889-2008）标准要求.该系统优点：抗冲击能力强、污泥浓度低、占地面积小、出水水质稳定.     

EM菌处理垃圾渗滤液的微生物生态学及机理分析研究

通过DNA提取,PCR扩增和DGGE分离,用BLAST程序进行相似性比较分析体系中微生物群落多样性。所有序列与数据库中16S rDNA序列的相似性在94%~100%之间。从整个挂膜过程考虑,挂膜时间应在8天左右。渗滤液中污染物的去除与投加EM有很大的关系,但是渗滤液中原始菌种的贡献同样不可忽视。投加EM菌剂促进了渗滤液中群落结构演替和功能优化,并最终通过EM菌剂和渗滤液中原始菌群的共同作用实现渗滤液处理系统效能提高和完善。