地下水超采综合治理的农户评价、原因分析与改进建议

通过在河北省衡水市的实地调研,从农户评价、原因分析、改进建议三个方面对5大类22项地下水超采治理措施进行了研究。农户评价结果表明:农户比较清楚水利工程建设、种植结构调整、农艺节水技术这三类措施,比较不清楚农业水权水价改革、服务体系建设这两类措施;农户对水利工程建设、种植结构调整这两类措施的评价为较好,对农艺节水技术、服务体系建设这两类措施的评价为一般,对农业水权水价改革这类措施的评价为较差。原因分析结果表明:与农业生产的相关性越直接紧密,农户越清楚该治理措施,节水机制越直接明确、农户参与动机越强,农户对该治理措施的评价越好。因此,在制定地下水超采治理措施时,应当设计直接且明确的节水机制,充分考虑农民的参与动机和保障农民的利益,以及加大对与农业生产相关性弱的治理措施的宣传。改进地下水超采治理,需要遵循综合施策的思想,采取分类改进的策略,改进建议如下:(1)需要加强水利设施的维修和管护,避免出现重建设、轻管护的情形,需要综合考虑引水指标、蓄水能力、季节性、恢复渠灌面积等因素来评估水利工程建设未来的压采潜力。(2)应当基于水资源承载力评估耕地休耕的潜力和规模,在现阶段粮食相对充裕的背景下,建议在地下水严重超采区进一步扩大休耕规模,完善补偿机制和加大财政投入力度。(3)需要反思和调整现有的农业水权水价政策,在中国特定国情条件下,不提倡农业用水确权过细,不提倡农户之间的水权交易。农业水价发挥作用面临较多障碍,应当先期解决农业用水计量困难、农业水费征缴困难两大基础性难题。(4)应当改变农户对减少灌溉的减产预期,引导农户科学、适量灌溉,同时增加农户迫切需求的技术服务的供给。     

杭州:以绿色创建拓展环境教育平台

正绿色创建系列工程为环保理念的传播和实践进学校、进家庭、进企业、进社区提供了有效的载体,为各个单位、部门直接参与和广大市民亲身体验环境保护提供了良好的平台。要绿水青山,还是要金山银山?这在杭州,从来都不是一道非此即彼的选择题。多年来,杭州市一直把保护环境放在突出位置,自2000年就开展的绿色创建活动,引领着杭州市生产生活的绿色化潮流。2003年启动的生态市建设工作中,以绿色学校、环境教育基地、绿色医院等为重点的"绿色     

Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management

1 INTRODUCTIONIn the past, natural resources management initiatives havefocused on large but specific sector projects such as dams,reservoirs for water supply schemes, irrigation systems,crop production, at forestation, etc. Often these projectswere treated as technical and administrative issues ratherthan as a socio-economic and political one. However, thehigh social and environmental cost of such schemes haveled to a change of paradigm since the 1980s towards small-scale community projec…     

“艰辛历程——防灾减灾巡礼”摄影大赛作品选

~~“艰辛历程——防灾减灾巡礼”摄影大赛作品选@余敏恩$福建省泉州市地震局!退休干部 @王忠喜$沈阳市消防局~~     

Enhanced sludge solubilization by microbubble ozonation

A microbubble ozonation process for enhancing sludge solubilization was proposed and its performance was evaluated in comparison to a conventional ozone bubble contactor. Microbubbles are defined as bubbles with diameters less than several tens of micrometers. Previous studies have demonstrated that microbubbles could accelerate the formation of hydroxyl radicals and hence improve the ozonation of dyestuff wastewater. The results of this study showed that microbubble ozonation was effective in increasing ozone utilization and improving sludge solubilization. For a contact time of 80 min, an ozone utilization efficiency of more than 99% was obtained using the microbubble system, while it gradually decreased from 94% to 72% for the bubble contactor. The rate of microbial inactivation was obviously faster in the microbubble system. At an ozone dose of 0.02 g O₃ g⁻¹ TSS, about 80% of microorganisms were inactivated in the microbubble system, compared with about 50% inactivation for the bubble contactor. Compared to the bubble contactor, more than two times of COD and total nitrogen, and eight times of total phosphorus content were released from the sludge into the supernatant by using the microbubble system at the same ozone dosage. The application of microbubble technology in ozonation processes may provide an effective and low cost approach for sludge reduction.     

Simplified determination of lipophilic metabolites of nonylphenol ethoxylates: method development and application in aqueous samples from Buenos Aires, Argentina

In the present work we have developed an analytical methodology for the determination of nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenol mono- and di-ethoxylates (NP1EO and NP2EO) in water samples. The applicability of this methodology was proved by means of the analysis of environmentally relevant aqueous samples from Buenos Aires. This constitutes a starting point for a rigorous assessment of the incidence of NPnEO surfactants in Argentina, as only very few, qualitative or semi-quantitative data on the occurrence of these compounds in local systems were available up to this time. Enrichment of the analytes was carried out by solid-phase extraction on a C-18 sorbent, followed by elution with ethyl acetate. Normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography on an amino-silica column and fluorescence detection at excitation-emission wavelengths of 230-300 nm were employed for separation and quantification of the analytes. Confirmation of peak assignment in selected real samples was performed by off-line coupling HPLC with GC-MS analysis. A non-polar GC capillary column was used, and a characteristic peak pattern was obtained for the alkyl chain isomers of each ethoxylated homologue and NP. GC-MS analyses yielded in all cases purity levels higher than 80% for the HPLC collected fractions. The elevated concentrations found for the estrogenic metabolites of NPnEO are in accordance with an unrestricted use of this class of non-ionic surfactants in the country.     

上流式多级厌氧反应器中厌氧颗粒污泥特性研究

高品质厌氧颗粒污泥是厌氧反应器实现高效、稳定运行的关键和基础.在实现上流式多级厌氧反应器(UMAR)处理木薯变性淀粉废水高效运行的基础上,对厌氧颗粒污泥的浓度分布、粒径分布、沉降速度、产甲垸活性,辅酶F420和生物相等作进一步的研究.根据在实验工艺条件下培养得到的厌氧颗粒污泥的性能,探讨厌氧颗粒污泥的可能形成机制.     

计算机模拟研究UO2+2在人体细胞液的形态分布

建立了由多种金属离子和小分子配体组成的多相细胞液热力学平衡模型.模拟研究了UO2 2在组织液和细胞液的形态分布及CO2-3、氨三乙酸（NTA）和乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）浓度对细胞液中UO2 2形态分布的影响.在组织液中,正常生理pH下,当各形态UO2 2总摩尔浓度 [U]= 1.0×10-6 mol/L 或[U]=1.0×10-3 mol/L时,UO2 2均主要以[UO2(CO3)3]4-和[UO2(CO3)2]2-形态存在.在细胞液中,当[U]=1.0×10-6 mol/L时,UO2 2主要以[UO2(CO3)3]4-和[UO2(CO3)2]2-存在；当[U]=1.0×10-3 mol/L,pH为6.0～6.8时,细胞液中存在大量的固相(UO2)3(PO4)2·4H2O,当pH为6.8～7.4时,UO2 2主要以[UO2(CO3)3]4-、[UO2(CO3)2]2-和[(UO2)2CO3(OH)3]-存在.细胞液中(UO2)3(PO4)2·4H2O含量随[U]升高而增加.通过调节细胞液pH和增加细胞液CO2-3浓度均能降低其固相UO2 2配合物含量.在细胞液中增加NTA会增加(UO2)3(PO4)2·4H2O含量,当添加EDTA时会显著降低(UO2)3(PO4)2·4H2O含量.     

地壳上层金伯利岩中金刚石形成的新资料

<正> 关于金伯利岩中金刚石及超基性岩和榴辉岩捕虏体形成的地幔假说,近几年来几乎已成为定理。对此问题的一些不同的看法,或是因为不值得引起严重注意未被提及,或是因为缺乏足够的论据和实际分析资料而完全被忽视。     

Risk-evaluation of Hi-tech Enterprise in the Process of Approaching Global Market

In the high technology industry, small and medium sized technology enterprises (SMSTEs) play a pivotal role in advancing the whole industry. To achieve sustainable development, they need to extend their scope of business activities beyond a national view and exploit international market actively to meet international competitions that increase quickly in the form of allocating resources within the scope of the world. However, the SMSTEs are also facing risks associated with themselves during the process of exploiting international market owing to their own restrictions, so what they should do is to consider risk evaluations in exploiting the international market.