Environmental lead pollution threatens the children living in the Pearl River Delta region, China

Introduction and purpose

The objective of this study is to determine children??s blood lead levels and identify sources of lead exposure. Childhood lead exposure constitutes a major pediatric health problem today in China. A blood lead screening survey program for children in the age group of 2?C12?years residing in Pearl River Delta region, south of China, was carried out from Dec 2007 to Jan 2008.

Methods

Blood lead levels and lead isotope ratios of a total of 761 participants were assessed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Measurements of urban environmental samples for source identification of children lead exposure were also performed.

Results and conclusions

The geometric mean value of the children??s blood lead levels was 57.05???g/L, and 9.6% of them were higher than 100???g/L. The blood lead levels were still much higher than those in developed countries. Based on the data of environmental lead source inventories, lead isotopic tracing revealed that there is about 6.7% past used gasoline Pb embedded in Shenzhen residential dust and about 15.6% in Guangzhou dust, respectively.     

苯酚胁迫下罗非鱼组织中过氧化氢酶与谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的动态变化

以奥尼杂交罗非鱼(Oreochromisaureus♂×Oreochromisniloticus♀)为试验鱼类,研究了其暴露于不同质量浓度苯酚后组织中过氧化氢酶CAT和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶GST活性的动态变化。结果表明,罗非鱼肌肉和肝脏组织中的CAT正常值分别为8.56±0.2U·mg-1和15.48±0.1U·mg-1,GST的正常值分别为4.39±0.20U·mg-1和13.30±0.31U·mg-1,均是肝脏组织高于肌肉组织。采用不同质量浓度的苯酚处理罗非鱼25d,除了0.002mg·L-1质量浓度组罗非鱼体内CAT和GST与对照组相比无显著差异外,其余各质量浓度组的CAT和GST均发生了明显的变化,两者的变化趋势相近。CAT的变化规律为低质量浓度组先升高后降低,高质量浓度组不断下降。即低质量浓度苯酚对罗非鱼体内的CAT具有一定的诱导作用,而高质量浓度表现为抑制作用,可使鱼体内的CAT失活,且这种变化幅度肝脏比肌肉大。GST的变化规律为先升高后降低,即苯酚对罗非鱼体内的GST具有先诱导后抑制的作用。研究表明,0.002mg·L-1质量浓度以下的苯酚对罗非鱼没有生化毒性影响,罗非鱼组织中的CAT和GST可作为生物标志物来评价酚类污染物对鱼类的生化毒性。     

长江下游重点江段水质污染及对鱼类的毒性影响

通过对长江下游安庆、南京、镇江、南通４江段水质污染及其对鱼类毒性影响的调查监测可发现,长江下游江段主航道水质较好,符合国家地面水Ⅱ类水质标准．但近岸带水质由于受污染带的影响,水质污染较严重,其主要污染物为石油类和挥发酚等．上述这些污染物质对鱼类具有一定的毒性影响,其不但可引起鱼类的急性中毒,而且可诱发鱼类产生微核,并对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ＴＡ９８菌株表现出一定的致突变性．同时在上述几个江段鱼体内可检出较高的蓄积性污染物的残留量．研究结果显示,长江下游江段正在遭受沿江诸多工业废水的污染,尤其是污染带的作用,并且这种污染对区域性渔业有一定的影响     

富营养化水体降磷对浮游植物群落结构特征的影响

浮游植物是水生态系统中物质循环和能量流动的基础,作为初级生产者,浮游植物的群落结构直接影响着水生态系统的结构和功能。在水产养殖生产中,如何根据养殖生物对生活环境的需求开展精准培水、定向培水,培养养殖生物所需要的浮游植物,在维持养殖水域生态平衡的同时又能为养殖生物提供一定的饵料资源,这一直是摆在水产科技工作者面前的重要难题和研究热点。已有的资料大都是通过添加磷的方式研究磷改变对浮游植物生长的影响,而有关富营养化水体降磷对浮游植物群落结构影响的研究尚未见报道。为此,试验通过向取自富营养化湖泊的水体中加入磷去除剂,采用Pielou均匀度指数、Mcnaughton优势度指数和Shannon多样性指数,研究自然水体中的磷被降低后水体浮游植物群落结构的变化情况。结果表明,所取富营养化水体中共检出绿藻（Chlorophyta）、硅藻（Bacillariophyta）、蓝藻（Cyanophyta）、裸藻（Euglenophyta）、隐藻（Cryptophyta）、甲藻（Pyrrophyta）6门29种（包括变种和变型）;其中绿藻、蓝藻、硅藻、隐藻、裸藻、甲藻分别有7、4、2、1、1种,分别占总种数的24.13%、13.79%、6.90%、3.45%、3.45%。富营养化水体降磷后,虽然试验组和对照组在浮游植物种类组成上没有差异,但浮游植物群落结构特征发生了很大变化,浮游植物数量明显降低,由13 238.8×104cells·L-1降低至3 997.5×104cells·L-1,下降了69.8%;浮游植物优势种从1门（蓝藻（Cyanophyta））6种增加到3门（绿藻（Chlorophyta）、硅藻（Bacillariophyta）、蓝藻（Cyanophyta））12种,优势度指数从97.29%降低至86.30%,优势种门数和优势种种数远远高于对照组,优势度明显低于对照组;同时,浮游植物多样性指数和均匀度分别从1.85和0.38升高至2.60和0.54,显示出试验组浮游植物多样性和均匀度优于对照组。研究表明富营养化水体降磷对浮游植物群落结构产生了明显影响,使群落结构处于更加复杂、完整和稳定的状态。     

亚硝酸盐氮胁迫对罗非鱼（GIFTOreoohromisniloticus）血清非特异性免疫酶活性的影响

试验设置了不同浓度亚硝酸盐氮（空白对照、0．75mg·L-1、1．50mg-L-1、3．00mg·L-1和5．00mg·L-1）,研究了亚硝酸盐氮胁迫对罗非鱼（GIFTOreochromisniloticus）血清非特异性免疫酶（溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶、补体c3）活性的影响。结果表明：罗非鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、补体C3活性均呈现出随亚硝酸盐氮浓度升高而降低的趋势,且当亚硝酸盐氮浓度小于1．50mg·L-1时,罗非鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、补体C3活性与对照组相比差异不显著（P〉0．05）,说明低于1．50mg·L-1的亚硝酸盐氮不会对罗非鱼机体免疫力产生显著影响;而高于3．00mg·L-1的亚硝酸盐氮胁迫能够显著（P〈O．05）降低罗非鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶、补体C3活性,最大下降率分别达到31．75％、27．40％、14．43％,从而显示出高浓度亚硝酸盐氮（〉3．00mg·L-1）能够对罗非鱼机体产生强烈的氧化胁迫和免疫损伤,导致机体免疫力下降,增加罗非鱼对致病菌的易感性。本研究认为,3．00mg·L-1可能是亚硝酸盐氮胁迫引起罗非鱼机体免疫力显著降低的阈值。     

环境中多环芳烃(PAHs)的生物标志物的功效分析

污染物的生物监测一直是环境风险评估研究的重要内容.肝脏中谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(glutathione-S -transferase,GST)、7-乙氧基-3-异吩恶唑酮-脱乙基酶(ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase,EROD)、DNA-加合物(DNA-adducts)和胆汁中多环芳烃代谢物(PAH m...     

除草剂阿特拉津与丁草胺对麦穗鱼的联合毒性研究

以除草剂阿特拉津和丁草胺为供试毒物,研究了它们对麦穗鱼的单一及联合毒性.结果表明,阿特拉津与丁草胺对麦穗鱼的96 h半致死浓度(LC50 )分别为41.64、0.33 mg/L,安全浓度(SC)分别为4.164、0.033 mg/L.因此,阿特拉津对鱼类是一种低毒除草剂,丁草胺则对鱼类具有较高的毒性.在阿特拉津与丁草胺的联合毒性试验中,24、48、96 h的相加指数分别为0.056、 0.053 、0.084,表明阿特拉津与丁草胺对麦穗鱼的联合毒性存在协同效应.     

Occurrence and human dietary assessment of sulfonamide antibiotics in cultured fish around Tai Lake,China

As the most important fishery medicines, sulfonamides are widely used to prevent diseases caused by pathogens in aquaculture. However, relatively little is known about the residues and dietary risks associated with cultured fish around Tai Lake. In the present study, a sampling strategy for a complete aquaculture period was conducted. Specifically, 12 selected sulfonamide antibiotics were measured among 116 fish samples recruited from four sampling periods, four species, four areas, and 18 fish ponds. All 12 antibiotics were detected at detection frequencies of 4.31–28.45%. Total sulfonamides were detected in 77.59% of the fish samples, with 57.76% of fish samples containing from 0.1 to 10 μg kg^?1. Sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfamethazine (SDD), and sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) were the main types of antibiotics used, and these were present at high concentrations (>100 μg kg^?1) with high occurrences, especially in the middle of the aquaculture season. Dietary assessment showed that residual antibiotics in all fish that were being sent to market were far below the maximum residue limit (MRL) of total sulfonamides and that there was almost no risk associated with fish consumption. The results of the present study will facilitate development of effective measures to produce safe aquatic products and meaningful suggestions for consuming aquatic products.     

阿特拉津在水环境中的残留及其毒理效应研究进展

阿特拉津是中国及世界上广泛使用的一种除草剂,目前已存在于某些地区的湖泊和地下水中,并对生态环境和人类饮用水源造成潜在威胁.介绍了阿特拉津的应用概况,综述了阿特拉津在水环境中的残留状况及其对生物的生理生化毒性和遗传毒性研究进展.并在此基础上,提出应加强阿特拉津对生物的"三致"(致癌、致畸、致突变)作用、生殖毒性、蓄积毒性和毒性作用机制的研究,以及阿特拉津与其他污染物对生物的联合毒性作用和毒性作用机制的研究.     

Effects of fenvalerate concentrations and its chiral isomers on bacterial community structure in the sediment environment of aquaculture ponds

To investigate the effect of chiral pesticide fenvalerate (FV) on the micro-ecological environment of aquaculture pond sediment, we used an indoor static experiment to observe the effects of FV added at different concentrations with different chiral isomers on the changes in the sediment bacterial community. The 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing technique was used to conduct sequencing and analysis of the bacterial community structure as well as changes in aquaculture pond sediments after 4 weeks of cultivation. The results showed that the microbial alpha diversity indices (Sobs and Shannon indices) of the treated groups were significantly lower than those of the control group after 4 weeks (P < 0.05), and the values in the high-concentration group were significantly lower than those of the low-concentration group (P < 0.05). In terms of bacterial group composition, the proportion of abundance of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria in the treated groups were greater than in the control group after 4 weeks, while the proportion of abundance of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia were lower. In the high-concentration FV treatment group, the proportion of abundance of Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Nitrospinae, unclassified_k_norank, Ignavibacteriae, and Nitrospirae were significantly different from those of the other groups (P < 0.05). Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and ANONISIM/Adonis analysis showed that the cis-enantiomer had a stronger effect on the bacterial community as the concentration of FV increased. In addition, the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) results revealed differences in the level of enrichment of bacterial groups caused by FV at different concentrations and isomer levels. Collectively, this study showed that FV residue has a pronounced effect on bacterial communities in sediment, which becomes more significant with increasing exposure concentration. The effects of the cis- and trans-enantiomers of FV on the sediment environment are different; the cis-enantiomer has a stronger effect on the bacterial community.