空白值校正法无汞快速测定地表水化学需氧量

探讨了K2Cr2O7在不同酸度的硫酸介质中的化学行为,确定9 mol/L H2SO4为K2Cr2O7法测定地表水COD的合理酸度。多种有机物消解试验及半年多地表水样跟踪检测,将消解回流时间从2小时缩短到30分钟之内是可行的。氯离子(Cl-)干扰可用生成AgCl沉淀和空白值校正的办法消除。此方法的检出下限是11mg/L,样品测定的加标回收率在96%～101%。此方法不仅缩短了回流时间、减少了汞带来的二次污染,从而实现无汞快速测定地表水COD。     

膜污染层微生物与聚丙烯微滤膜间的界面作用及其吸附特征

采用热力学方法及界面吸附理论,对2株膜污染层微生物(Aeromonas veronii M4、Aeromonas caviae N25)与聚丙烯(PP)微滤膜间的界面作用及吸附特征进行研究.结果表明,Aeromonas veronii M4与PP膜表面均表现出明显的疏水性特征,而Aeromonas caviae N25则呈现亲水性特征,并且A.veronii M4的运动性能也要高于A.caviae N25;另外,2株细菌及PP膜的表面均带有负电荷,表现出明显的电子供体特征,而Lewis酸碱分量U_(mlb)~(AB)则在2株细菌与PP膜的界面作用能中占据着主导地位;依据XDLVO理论,A.caviae N25及A.veronii M4与PP膜之间的总界面作用能均为负值,表明二者在膜上的吸附是一个主动吸附过程,而A.veronii M4-PP膜之间的界面作用能负值最大,说明A.veronii M4具有较高的吸附能力;静态吸附结果则表明,A.veronii M4在PP膜上的吸附量要明显高于A.caviae N25,而2株菌在膜上的吸附行为可由准二级动力学模型进行描述.     

达里诺尔湖近2400年以来Hg元素含量变化及环境意义

汞（Hg）元素作为一种全球性循环元素,对环境的影响正逐渐成为人们关注的焦点之一.为揭示寒旱区达里诺尔湖沉积物的Hg污染历史及人类活动对湖泊沉积物中Hg污染的影响,通过采集湖泊沉积物岩芯（编号DL1）,在建立DL1岩芯沉积地层年代框架的基础上,结合沉积物粒度特征、总有机质（TOC）含量等指标参数的变化,对DL1岩芯记录的地质历史上的Hg含量变化特征及环境意义进行了综合分析.结果显示,沉积物记录的Hg元素污染具有明显的阶段性变化特征：2400~1400 cal.a BP,Hg含量呈逐渐降低趋势,期间降水量呈逐步减少趋势,区域气候显著干旱;1400~200 cal.a BP,Hg含量相对稳定,呈小幅度波动变化,对应了区域气候的干-湿交替;近200 cal.a BP以来,Hg含量明显增加,这可能是受人类活动影响的结果.整体上,地质历史上DL1沉积物中Hg含量变化受气候干冷-暖湿交替周期性变化影响较大.而近200 cal.a BP来Hg与TOC等指标间显著正相关,则显示了沉积物中有机质可能吸附了大量的Hg元素,使其呈顶端富集趋势,进而对湖泊水生态环境造成影响.     

Ozonation as an advanced oxidant in treatment of bamboo industry wastewater

The present study employed ozonation process to treat the bamboo industry wastewater (BIWW). The impact of ozone dosage and initial organic concentration on color, COD and TOC removal rates were studied along with characterization of the major organics in raw and treated wastewater. The results suggested the ozone dosage of 3.15 g h⁻¹ (concentration 52.5 mg L⁻¹) was suitable for the treatment. After 25 min ozonation of 1 L raw wastewater, the color, COD and TOC removal efficiencies were 95%, 56% and 40%, respectively, with an influent COD concentration of 835 mg L⁻¹. The ratio of kg O₃ kg⁻¹ COD at 3.15 g h⁻¹ was 2.8 (<3), revealing that ozonation was a cost effective process for tertiary treatment of BIWW. Longer oxidization time was required to achieve similar results for raw wastewater with higher COD concentration. The chromatogram from gel permeation chromatography revealed that ozonation resulted in the breakdown of high molecular weight compounds into lower molecular weight components but could not completely mineralize the organic matter. The majority of these compounds were identified in both raw and ozonated samples via GC-MS analysis. In addition to ester derivatives as the main intermediates of ozonation, 1-chloroctadecane, methyl stearate, benzophenone and α-cyperone were identified as the by-products of ozonation.     

Dynamics of the lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin, China, since late nineteenth century

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin have the most representative and largest concentration of freshwater lakes in China. However, the size and number of these lakes have changed considerably over the past century due to the natural and anthropogenic impact. The lakes, larger than 10 km² in size, were chosen from relief maps and remotely sensed images in 1875, 1950, 1970, 1990, 2000, and 2008 to study the dynamics of lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin and to examine the causes and consequences of these changes. Results indicated that there was a dramatic reduction in lake areas, which decreased by 7,841.2 km² (42.64 %) during the study period (1875–2008), and the number of lakes in this region changed moderately. Meanwhile, a large number of lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin were directly converted into paddy fields, ponds, building lands, or other land-use types over the study period. Therefore, all kinds of lake reclamation should be identified as the major driving factors for the loss of lake in this region. Furthermore, flooding, soil erosion, and sedimentation were also the main factors which triggered lake changes in different periods. Some wetland conservation and restoration projects have been implemented since the 1970s, but they have not reversed the lake degradation. These findings were of great importance to managers involved in making policy for the conservation of lake ecosystems and the utilization of lake resources.     

基于空间信息技术的呼伦湖流域研究

通过对干涉雷达技术任务(SRTM)数据处理,运用土壤与水评价工具(SWAT)模型对呼伦湖整个流域的数字高程模型(DEM)进行水文特征提取,分析流域地形分布情况。呼伦湖全流域面积约为25.6万km2,蒙古国部分约为16.3万km2,约占总面积的63.7%。坡度为0～2.0°的地形主要分布在中国境内的呼伦湖南岸和东岸以及贝尔湖周边的平坦草原上,降雨主要被植被截留和土壤吸收,产汇流条件差;而呼伦湖的主要水源、产汇流条件较好的克鲁伦河和乌尔逊河,其产流区大部分位于蒙古国。2国应加强流域综合管理,合理配置水资源,以保证下游入湖的水量来防止呼伦湖的持续萎缩。     

Dyella ginsengisoli LA-4吸附Cu2+特性及其动力学研究

研究一种新型吸附菌剂Dyella ginsengisoli LA-4(以下简称菌株LA-4)对Cu2+的吸附特性及其动力学,并利用表面响应法优化菌株LA-4对Cu2+的吸附条件.结果表明:(1)菌株LA-4的接种量、pH对Cu2+的吸附有重要的影响.(2)根据表面响应法 优化模型预测出菌株LA-4吸附Cu2+的最...     

制药废水二级出水中溶解性有机物混凝去除特性研究

制药废水二级出水中溶解性有机物(DOM)由于组成复杂、难去除、具有多异质性和分散性,是污水深度处理与回用的主要去除对象和关键限制因子.本论文以发酵制药废水二级出水的DOM为研究对象,采用投加聚合氯化铝(PAC)混凝剂去除DOM,考察混凝剂投加量和混凝pH值对去除效果的影响,并结合分子量分级、亲疏水性分级以及三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析方法等对DOM进行了系统表征和分析,进一步阐述混凝过程DOM的去除特征.结果表明,PAC投加量为250 mg·L~(-1)、pH=7时,混凝沉淀30 min对DOC、UV_(254)、色度和浊度的去除率分别为13.05%±0.29%、23.65%±0.75%、12.66%±1.34%、63.67%±0.89%;混凝对分子量10 kDa的组分和疏水中性(HON)组分去除效果分别为50.33%±0.98%、21.56%±0.42%,而对分子量1 kDa组分去除率较低为2.26%±0.12%;三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析将制药废水二级出水分为2个类腐殖质组分(C1、C3)和1个类蛋白组分(C2),混凝对类腐殖酸组分(C1)最大荧光强度去除率(F_(max))最高为46.22%,而亲水性的小分子和蛋白类物质混凝去除效果较差.     

中国南海高温高压井钻完井损失工时事件统计分析

为研究我国南海高温高压井钻完井、测试损失工时事件规律，对2009—2018年中国南海高温高压探井钻井日志进行分析，汇总501起海上高温高压井钻完井损失工时事件，并将其划分为复杂情况及事故停工、自然停工、修理停工3大类进行研究。结果表明:复杂情况及事故停工事件数与年份无明显关联，但与地质资料准确度关系密切，修理停工事件数随年份呈现震荡下降趋势；复杂情况及事故停工总损失工时最多，其中卡钻损失工时占比最高；修理停工总损失工时最少，其中钻井设备故障损失工时占比最高；灾难天气、洋流或地质活动是造成损失工时最多的原因，不安全行为是单起事件平均损失工时最多的原因，设备老化是修理停工最主要原因。研究结果可为后续高温高压井钻完井非生产时间成本估计模型提供数据基础。     

缝洞型管道瓦斯爆炸特性数值模拟研究

为探究采空区遗煤、松散破碎岩块对瓦斯爆炸的影响，建立缝洞型管道模型，采用数值模拟与理论分析结合方法研究采空区内缝洞型管道内瓦斯爆炸的传播规律及管道长径比对瓦斯爆炸过程中速度与冲击波的影响。研究结果表明:在缝洞型结构内，随着火焰沿管道向前传播，各监测点速度逐渐变大、压力先增加后降低，而压力上升速率则表现出不规则的变化；缝洞结构加剧了火焰燃烧的剧烈程度，提高了管道内各监测点的温度峰值；在缝洞型管道内随长径比r增加，各监测点最大压力峰值以及速度大小依次降低。