A statistic comparison of multi-element analysis of low atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) using different spectroscopy techniques

Over the past few decades, the metal elements (MEs) in atmospheric particles have aroused great attention. Some well-established techniques have been used to measure particle-bound MEs. However, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of complexity, accuracy, and specific elements of interest. In this study, the performances of inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (TXRF) were evaluated for quality control to analyze data accuracy and precision. The statistic methods (Deming regression and significance testing) were applied for intercomparison between ICP-OES and TXRF measurements for same low-loading PM_2.5 samples in Weizhou Island. The results from the replicate analysis of standard filters (SRM 2783) and field filters samples indicated that 10 MEs (K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb) showed good accuracies and precision for both techniques. The higher accuracy tended to the higher precision in the MEs analysis process. In addition, the interlab comparisons illustrated that V and Mn all had good agreements between ICP-OES and TXRF. The measurements of K, Cu and Zn were more reliable by TXRF analysis for low-loading PM_2.5. ICP-OES was more accurate for the determinations for Ca, Cr, Ni and Pb, owing to the overlapping spectral lines and low sensitivity during TXRF analysis. The measurements of Fe, influenced by low-loading PM_2.5, were not able to determine which instrument could obtain more reliable results. These conclusions could provide reference information to choose suitable instrument for the determination of MEs in low-loading PM_2.5 samples.     

保定市PM2.5和臭氧污染特征分析

为深入了解保定市空气质量状况,揭示PM_2.5与臭氧(O₃)的变化特征及相互关系,利用小波分析法对保定市2013—2020年每年4—9月AQI、PM_2.5、O₃-8 h (O₃日最大8 h滑动平均值)和NO₂浓度的逐日数据进行分析. 结果表明:①2013—2018年保定市O₃污染呈逐年加重趋势,最大日浓度达到347 μg/m3;随着治理措施的颁布与实施,PM_2.5超标天数由2013年的97 d减至2020年的1 d,PM_2.5超标情况逐年改善. ②O₃超标天数由2013年的3 d增至2018年的95 d,2020年减至61 d;O₃超标天数占PM_2.5和O₃超标总天数的比例从2013年的3%增至2020年的98%,说明O₃逐渐成为影响保定市空气质量的主要污染物. ③2013年保定市O₃-8 h浓度低于“2+26”城市均值,2014—2020年O₃-8 h浓度高于或接近“2+26”城市均值,说明近年来保定市O₃-8 h浓度的升幅已超过“2+26”城市的平均水平. ④小波分析发现,2013—2020年(除2015年和2018年外)AQI与PM_2.5污染序列的第1主周期相近,从2017年开始,AQI与O₃-8 h污染序列的第1主周期和第2主周期均一致,说明近年来保定市空气污染逐渐由PM_2.5污染转为PM_2.5与O₃复合污染. ⑤在同一时间尺度范围内,PM_2.5与O₃-8 h污染序列的震荡频率基本一致,说明二者存在较明显的正相关关系;2015—2019年,NO₂与O₃-8 h污染序列的震荡频率趋于一致,说明保定市O₃-8 h浓度受前体物NO₂影响较大,2020年震荡频率有较大差异,这可能与新冠肺炎疫情复工后生产规模尚未完全恢复,致使NO₂、PM_2.5等污染物排放强度同比降低有关. 因此,减少NO₂排放,协同控制多污染物是实现保定市空气质量改善的主要途径.      

对苯二甲酸的微生物降解

从处理对苯二甲酸(PTA)生产废水的上流式厌氧生物滤床(UASB)底部活性污泥中分离到一株降解活性较高的细菌T_6.当PTA为唯一碳源时,降解率可达98％,菌体接种量的大小对降解速度有一定影响.该菌可以分别在好氧和厌氧条件下降解PTA.试验表明,降解PTA的酶为胞内酶,经鉴定,T_6菌为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.).其某些特性与已知种有差异,尚待进一步确定.     

纳米乳化油缓解多孔介质渗透性损失的实验研究

为有效缓解乳化油在原位修复地下水污染过程中所产生的堵塞及修复效率降低的问题,采用升温相转变技术手段,制备纳米乳化油.并采用一维柱实验,开展微米及纳米乳化油在多孔介质中的迁移研究,对比分析微米及纳米乳化油造成多孔介质的渗透性损失、在多孔介质中的截留比率及迁移距离等问题,探究纳米乳化油缓解多孔介质渗透性损失的效果.实验结果显示,微米及纳米乳化油所导致的中砂介质渗透性损失分别为20.40%和3.20%,乳化油截留比率分别为28.51%和20.15%.由此可见,乳化油截留是多孔介质渗透性损失的重要原因,减小乳化油粒径可有效缓解多孔介质的渗透性损失.与微米乳化油相比,纳米乳化油有效降低中、细砂介质渗透性损失84.3%和47.5%.此外,乳化油截留对多孔介质渗透性损失的影响在一定程度上也影响到其在多孔介质中的迁移距离,微米及纳米乳化油在中砂介质中的迁移距离分别为6.53 m和8.19 m.相比之下,纳米乳化油所导致的细砂介质渗透性损失为10.70%,截留比率为25.71%,迁移距离为7.36 m,说明纳米乳化油迁移效果更佳,可适用介质范围更广.     

不同调理剂提高泔脚蚯蚓堆肥效率的研究

为防治泔脚对环境的污染,提高泔脚蚯蚓堆肥效率,针对泔脚的理化性质,分别添加玉米秸秆、青草绿化垃圾、茶叶渣、土壤作为调理剂,使基质初始C/N接近30,研究了不同调理剂对泔脚蚯蚓堆肥效率的影响。另设置不加调理剂纯泔脚蚯蚓堆肥作对照,对泔脚基质的降解情况、蚯蚓的生长繁殖情况、堆肥肥料质量进行了研究。结果表明,在纯泔脚中加入调理剂可以改善泔脚的性状,促进蚯蚓生长繁殖,提高泔脚降解效率,但对豌豆植株生长的肥效作用相对纯泔脚改善不明显。不同调理剂对泔脚基本性质的改善效果不同,综合考虑,以玉米秸秆作为调理剂最能提高泔脚蚯蚓堆肥的效率。     

纳米乳化油修复地下水硝酸盐过程中产气及微生物增殖代谢对多孔介质堵塞的模拟评估

为有效评估纳米乳化油原位处理地下水硝酸盐过程中,产气及微生物增殖代谢对含水层多孔介质的堵塞作用,以纳米乳化油为碳源,采用市售反硝化菌剂接种微生物进行硝酸盐降解批实验研究,探讨产气及微生物增殖代谢的动态变化及特征,并基于Kozeny-Carman(K-C)方程、Clement、Pham及Kozeny Grain(KG)模型,对假定含水层一维流模拟柱,预估产气及微生物增殖代谢造成的渗透性损失,识别堵塞过程及主导因素.结果显示,反硝化菌降解效果良好,硝氮总去除率达90.23%.CO_2及N_2为主要产气成分,降解1 mg硝氮对应的平均CO_2产气量为0.71 mL,平均N_2产气量为0.14 mL;微生物代谢产物胞外聚合物以蛋白质及多糖为主,降解1 mg硝氮平均蛋白产量为0.64 mg,平均多糖产量为0.16 mg.在含水层不与外界交换气体的假设前提下,K-C方程预测显示产气可在2个周期内造成渗透性完全损失,Clement、Pham及KG模型评估的微生物增殖代谢造成中、细砂渗透性损失分别为10.87%～31.10%、12.77%～48.32%,分析认为初期细胞生物量是导致渗透性骤降的关键因素,后期为细胞生物量和胞外聚合物共同作用.此外,封闭体系中产气是堵塞的主导因素,随着含水层开启程度增加,产气的贡献占比会下降,微生物的贡献占比提高.因此,对于相对封闭的含水层系统,探索增强其开放状况是缓解堵塞的有效途径之一.     

Visible-light-responsive photocatalytic inactivation of ofloxacin-resistant bacteria by rGO modified g-C3N4

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The visible light responsive graphitic nitride (g-C3N4) mediated photocatalysis has drawn extensive attention in water treatment field....     

关于低放废液蒸发处理工艺优化改进探讨

本文介绍了我国核工业领域传统的低放废液处理工艺及新兴的低放废液膜处理工艺,针对现有某设施工艺的缺点及膜处理工艺的优点,提出了传统低放废液蒸发处理工艺优化改进的实验流程,通过合理的设计,满足低放废液节能、环保的排放要求及现场的条件需求,为后续工程优化应用提供技术支持。     

In situ synthesis of FeS/Carbon fibers for the effective removal of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution

• FeS/carbon fibers were in situ synthesized with Fe-carrageenan hydrogel fiber. • The double helix structure of carrageenan is used to load and disperse Fe. • Pyrolyzing sulfate groups enriched carrageenan-Fe could easily generate FeS. • The adsorption mechanisms include reduction and complexation reaction. Iron sulfide (FeS) nanoparticles (termed FSNs) have attracted much attention for the removal of pollutants due to their high efficiency and low cost, and because they are environmentally friendly. However, issues of agglomeration, transformation, and the loss of active components limit their application. Therefore, this study investigates in situ synthesized FeS/carbon fibers with an Fe-carrageenan biomass as a precursor and nontoxic sulfur source to ascertain the removal efficiency of the fibers. The enrichment of sulfate groups as well as the double-helix structure in ι-carrageenan-Fe could effectively avoid the aggregation and loss of FSNs in practical applications. The obtained FeS/carbon fibers were used to control a Cr(VI) polluted solution, and exhibited a relatively high removal capacity (81.62 mg/g). The main mechanisms included the reduction of FeS, electrostatic adsorption of carbon fibers, and Cr(III)-Fe(III) complexation reaction. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption model both provided a good fit of the reaction process; hence, the removal process was mainly controlled by chemical adsorption, specifically monolayer adsorption on a uniform surface. Furthermore, co-existing anions, column, and regeneration experiments indicated that the FeS/carbon fibers are a promising remediation material for practical application.