垃圾填埋场微生物气溶胶粒径分布研究

为了了解垃圾填埋场微生物气溶胶粒径分布规律,在北京市某垃圾卫生填埋场填埋区、渗滤液处理区、生活区分别选定监测点,利用安德森六级微生物采样器,对填埋场空气微生物进行了系统的定点取样、测定和分析。研究结果表明，空气细菌粒径分布均为第Ⅰ级(>8.2 μm)最高,填埋区空气细菌粒径呈偏态分布,渗滤液处理区、生活区分别在第Ⅳ级和第Ⅲ级出现第2个峰值。携带细菌的可吸入微粒在渗滤液处理区比例最大。空气真菌与放线菌均在第Ⅳ级分布最高,携带真菌和放线菌的可吸入粒子的比例显著大于细菌(P<0.05)。填埋区不同作业时段空气微生物粒径在各级分布比例基本一致。填埋区细菌气溶胶中值直径为5.7 μm,渗滤液处理区为3.7 μm,生活区为5.3 μm，显著大于真菌气溶胶和放线菌气溶胶的中值直径(P<0.05)。     

美国某给水厂处理工艺及净水效果

介绍了美国某给水厂的臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理工艺、主要构筑物、设计参数和运行效果。实验结果表明:原水中TSS、BOD5、COD、UV254和浊度平均值分别为18.25 mg/L、5 mg/L、7.34 mg/L、0.08和17.38 NTU,经过系统处理后的出水指标分别为1.33 mg/L、2 mg/L、0 mg/L、0.01和0.86 NTU,相应的平均去除率分别为88%、60%、100%、88%和81%。净水效果明显,五项常规指标均满足我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)使用要求,这种深度处理技术及设计思路值得国内给水处理行业参考借鉴。     

Ozone Artifacts and Carbonyl Measurements Using Tenax GR,Tenax TA,Carbopack B,and Carbopack X Adsorbents

Abstract

Four popular thermally desorbable adsorbents used for air sampling (Tenax TA, Tenax GR, Carbopack B, and Carbopack X) are examined for the potential to form artifacts with ozone (O₃) at environmental concentrations. The performance of these adsorbents for the ketone and alde-hyde species identified as O₃-adsorbent artifacts was also characterized, including recovery, linearity, and method detection limits (MDLs). Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, 13 different artifacts were identified and confirmed for both Tenax TA and Tenax GR, 9 for Carbopack B, but none for Carbopack X. Several O₃ artifacts not reported previously were identified, including: pentanal, 3-hexanone, 2-hexanone, hexanal, 3-heptanone, and heptanal with Tenax TA; pentanal, 3-hexanone, 2-hexanone, hexanal, and 3-heptanone on Tenax GR; and 1-octene and 1-nonene with Carbopack B. Levels of straight-chain aldehyde artifacts rapidly diminished after a few cycles of adsorbent conditioning/O₃ exposure, and concentrations could be predicted using a first-order model. Phenyl-substituted carbonyl artifacts (benzalde-hyde and acetophenone) persisted on Tenax TA and GR even after 10 O₃ exposure-conditioning cycles. O₃ breakthrough through the adsorbent bed was most rapid in adsorbents that yielded the highest levels of artifacts. Overall, artifact composition and concentration are shown to depend on O₃ concentration and dose, conditioning method, and adsorbent type and age. Calibrations showed good linearity, and most compounds had reasonable recoveries, for example, 90 ±15% for Tenax TA, 97 ±23% for Tenax GR, 101 ±24% for Carbopack B, and 79 ±25% (91 ±9% for n-aldehydes) for Carbopack X. Benzeneacetaldehyde recovery was notably poorer (22–63% across the four adsorbents). MDLs for several compounds were relatively high, up to 5 ng. By accounting for both artifact formation and method performance, this work helps to identify which carbonyl compounds can be measured using thermally desorbable adsorbents and which may be prone to bias because of the formation of O_3- adsorbent artifacts.     

孤岛油区外排采油污水生化处理技术的研究

针对孤岛污水矿化度高,Cl-含量高,油含量和COD含量严重超标的现象,采取微生物接触氧化工艺进行外排采油污水治理的工艺研究。在处理过程中首先对菌种进行了严格的筛选和培养,然后在室内进行了模拟试验,最后在现场进行了中试。目前已根据中试结果,对孤岛污水原有的污水池进行了改造,设置了隔油池、气浮池、接触氧化池和沉淀池四个部分,经过一年的运行,成功地实现了污水的达标排放。     

稻田土壤反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌的时空分布与群落结构分析

由"Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera"主导发生的以甲烷和亚硝酸盐为底物的反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化反应(nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing,n-damo)的发现,将生物地球化学碳循环和氮循环以新的方式结合起来.本研究以夏季和冬季江阴稻田土壤柱状样品为研究对象,对稻田土壤M.oxyfera-like菌的时空分布和群落结构进行了考察.M.oxyfera-like菌16S rRNA基因的定量PCR结果显示M.oxyfera-like菌的丰度随着土壤深度的增加而增加,且无明显季节性差异,60~200 cm深度的稻田土壤是M.oxyfera-like菌的高丰度区域.M.oxyfera-like菌pmo A基因的系统发育分析和生物多样性分析显示M.oxyfera-like菌的群落结构具有一定的时空异质性,且生物多样性随着土壤深度的增加而增加.这些结果都说明江阴稻田深层土壤(60~200 cm)是适宜M.oxyfera-like菌生存的生态环境.     

烟台夹河河口海水混合过程的地球化学特征研究

海(咸)水混入是河口河水重要的地质过程,深刻地影响河水地球化学过程。本文系统采集夹河河口水样,分析海淡水混合过程的地球化学特征。结果表明,远离河口段(J10~J14)为淡水性质,主要受水-岩作用及人类活动等影响;近河口段(J1~J8)海水混入严重,F~-、Cl~-、Br~-、SO~(2-)_4、Na~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、盐度等明显较高,主要受海水混入影响。近河口段存在Na-Ca离子交换过程,约占Na~+总量的0.9%~1.5%,离子交换量随海水混入比例增加而增加,Na~+离子交换量与K~+,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Br~-、F~-、SO~(2-)_4离子交换量相关,且河水离子含量与盐度回归系数略低于与盐度、Na~+交换量回归系数,表明河口段河水离子交换影响河水地球化学特征。     

Determination and QSPR analysis of log Kow and log Koc for fluorine containing benzene derivatives

Octanol‐water partition coefficients (Kow) and soil organic carbon sorption coefficients (Koc) were determined for 14 fluorinated benzene derivatives. Quantitative structure‐property relationships were developed using molecular connectivity indices and quantum chemical parameters to analyze the most significant factors influencing these physico‐chemical properties of the compounds. The substitution by F in benzene derivatives has greater influence on Koc than on Kow.     

Fe3O4/C纳米粒子的制备及其对水中罗丹明B的去除

采用溶剂热-水热法合成了碳覆盖的Fe3O4纳米粒子Fe3O4/C,利用扫描电镜(SEM)与红外光谱(FT-IR)对其进行了表征,并研究了其对水中罗丹明B的吸附性能.系统考察了吸附动力学、吸附等温线、吸附剂用量对吸附性能的影响.Fe3O4/C对罗丹明B的吸附在3 h内即可达到平衡,最大吸附量可达13.23 mg.g-1.分别用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型解释了Fe3O4/C对罗丹明B的作用机理,吸附反应过程符合准二级动力学方程.结果表明,该吸附剂具有良好的磁效应和吸附性能,可快速去除罗丹明B,去除率高达90%以上;吸附剂可重复利用,成本低,具有环境友好的优势.     

旁路离线河流净化器技术与系统在温榆河修复中的应用研究

基于自然的修复理念,本研究开发了"旁路离线河流净化器技术与系统",并以温榆河支流龙道河为研究对象,设计并建设了罗马东湖"塘-湿地系统"和龙道河拟自然河道工程.结果表明,该技术与系统可明显改善水质和生物生境,COD、氨氮和总氮平均浓度由（71.86±14.94）、（10.70±1.20）、（16.14±1.37）mg·L^-1降低到（47.59±6.13）、（1.17±0.27）、（3.65±1.73）mg·L^-1,平均削减率分别为31.8%、89.5%和77.4%,氨氮由劣Ⅴ类提升至Ⅳ类标准.龙道河生境质量评分由"一般"等级（94分）提升至"好"等级（151分）.该技术与系统具有不改变干流河道原有状态、不影响干流防洪、水质净化和生态恢复效果好等优点,适于支流丰富、排水灌渠密集或坑塘发达的污染河流生态治理与生态修复.     

土地利用方式对紫色土丘陵区土壤剖面碳、氮影响

采取野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法研究了紫色土丘陵区林地、撂荒地、水田、旱地土壤剖面(0～40 cm)有机碳、全氮变化特征.结果表明.有机碳、全氮均随土层深度增加而逐渐减小,且林地、撂荒地有机碳递减幅度高于水田、旱地.相对于撂荒地和旱地,水田、林地更利于有机碳、全氮的积累.林地有机碳和全氮在0～5 cm土层表现出绝对优势;随土层递增,与水田、撂荒地和旱地的差异逐渐减小.水田有机碳和全氮在大于10 cm土层显示最大值.而撂荒地有机碳和全氮仅在土壤表层高于旱地.有机碳与全氮存在显著正相关关系;w(C)/w(N)随土层深度增加而降低,且林地、撂荒地降低幅度较大.因此相对于水田、旱地,林地和撂荒地w(C)/w(N)仅在0～10 cm显示较大值.可见,土地利用方式对陆地生态系统碳、氮蓄积有明显影响,通过旱地还林或撂荒可以增加土壤特别是表层土壤对碳、氮的积累.