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Igor Linkov Cate Fox-Lent Jeffrey Keisler Stefano Della Sala Jorg Sieweke 《The Environmentalist》2014,34(3):378-382
In the history of disasters in Venice, there are implications for modern times in terms of complex systems management and emerging threats, in particular from examples of risk management and resilience achieved by the Venetian state during outbreaks of the plague. In fourteenth century Venice, risk assessment the way we practice it today would fail to provide meaningful recommendations to reduce the casualty rate of the plague epidemic because the cause and transmission of the disease was not understood. Instead, a set of systemic actions across the social, economic, and transportation networks of the city taken by officials and doctors eventually slowed and arguably stopped the spread of the disease. These latter actions are an early example of what is now considered resilience management. Resilience management improves a complex system’s ability to prepare, absorb, recover, and adapt to unexpected threats and does so by address the capabilities at a system, rather than component, level. Resilience management can be a guide to addressing current issues of population growth and rising sea level in modern day Venice and across the globe. This paper calls for integration of resilience assessment in comprehensive risk and resilience management framework. 相似文献
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Machteld N. Verzijden R. E. Madeleine Korthof Carel ten Cate 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(8):1359-1368
While species-assortative behaviour is often observed in sympatrically occurring species, there are few examples where we
understand the extent to which development of assortative behaviour is genetically or environmentally determined, for instance,
through learning. However, the majority of mate choice theory assumes genetic recognition mechanisms. Knowledge about the
development of species recognition is important for our understanding of how closely related species can coexist and how this
coexistence may have arisen. The ontogeny of female mate choice, for instance, may critically influence the degree of assortative
mating under many circumstances. Also, male assortative aggression behaviour may affect fitness and the possibility for coexistence
of two closely related species. Here, we test whether male aggression biases and female mate preferences of two Lake Victoria
rock cichlid species, Mbipia mbipi and Mbipia lutea, are affected by experience. With an interspecific cross-fostering experiment, we test for the effect of experience with
the phenotype of the mother and that of the siblings on species-assortative mate preferences and aggression biases. We demonstrate
that female mate preferences are strongly influenced by learning about their mothers’ phenotype but not by experience with
their siblings, despite ample opportunity for interactions. Male aggression biases, in contrast, are affected by experience
with siblings but not by learning about their mothers’ phenotype. We suggest that the development of assortative behaviour
of females, but not of males, creates favourable conditions for sympatric speciation in Lake Victoria cichlids. 相似文献
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Several policy options offer a potential pathway toward extended product responsibility for obsolete computers and electronic waste. © 2001 by Cate Gable, Axioun Books. Used with permission. 相似文献
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At the beginning of their offshore migration, hatchling sea turtles orient directly into oceanic waves as they swim away
from land. Recent experiments have demonstrated that hatchlings swimming underwater can determine the propagation direction
of waves by monitoring the circular movements they experience as waves pass above. During July and August 1993, we studied
how loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings (Caretta caretta L.) from the east coast of Florida, USA, responded to a range of wave parameters. We constructed a wave simulator to reproduce
in air the circular movements that normally occur beneath small ocean waves. Hatchlings suspended in air and subjected to
these orbital movements attempted to orient into simulated waves when periods and amplitudes were similar to those found near
the Florida coast. Orbital movements with longer periods (greater than 10 s), however, failed to elicit responses. The results
demonstrate that hatchling loggerheads can distinguish between waves with different periods and amplitudes, and that Florida
hatchlings respond most strongly to orbital movements closely resembling those of waves that occur near their natal beach.
Received: 28 May 1996 / Accepted: 17 September 1996 相似文献
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Hill M Stabile C Steffen LK Hill A 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2002,117(2):295-300
Endocrine disrupters are of substantial concern, in large part because effects of these compounds on the growth and development of many aquatic organisms are unknown. We examined toxic effects of three substances (ethylbenzene, nonylphenol, and bisphenol A), that are known to be hormonally active in many animals, on growth and development of two species of freshwater sponge. A common developmental abnormality was observed when sponges were treated with each of these compounds. The three compounds also caused significant reductions in growth rates. Lower concentrations resulted in malformed water vascular systems in several replicates. The utility of freshwater sponge bioassays is discussed as it relates to understanding possible mechanisms of action of endocrine disrupters on aquatic invertebrates. 相似文献
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Environmental Flows (EFlows) are defined as the quantity, timing and quality of the flow of water, sediment and biota necessary to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems, and the human livelihoods and well-being that depend on these ecosystems. As such they are a vital component of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). A recent survey found that, in general, Africa lags behind schedule with respect to the global SDG Target 6.5 to implement IWRM at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate. This web-based review explores progress made in EFlows Assessments and implementing their outcomes in southern Africa. It outlines the apparent impetus to the uptake of EFlows provided by legislation, common funding mechanisms for EFlows assessment and evolving trends in EFlows assessment. It also highlights instances of implementation of EFlows in both in-country and transboundary settings. 相似文献
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