On the ecology of Heterocypris salinus,H. incongruens and Cypridopsis aculeata (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from Baltic brackish-water rockpools

The ostracod fauna of Baltic brackish-water rockpools is made up of two groups: permanent members of the pools, and occasional guests from the littoral zone. The former group consists of Heterocypris salinus, H. incongruens and Cypridopsis aculeata. These species are characterized by rapid development (which starts when the water temperature approaches 15°C), a short life span, and 2 or 3 separate generations during the summer and autumn. The number of generations is determined by water temperature. Hibernation always takes place as eggs. Hatching and development during the late spring or early summer has been found to be mostly simultaneous. The spawning of the 3 species always starts epidemically. Reproduction is entirely parthenogenetic in the investigated area. Under natural conditions, C. aculeata may be found with either H. salinus or H. incongruens, but these two latter species have never been recorded together. H. incongruens is less tolerant to high salinities than the other 2 species and, even after successive adaptation, it does not resist salinities higher than 16. H. salinus has been found in 35.2 S in the field, and has been kept in 30 S in the laboratory after successive adaptation. The optimum salinity-temperature range for this species is 5 to 10 S and 15°C, when both survival and development are considered. Corresponding figures for C. aculeata are 0.5 to 20 S and 15°C, although this species, like H. salinus, survives longest at 5°C. The very rapid development, parthenogenetic reproduction and short life span of these species must be considered as favourable adaptations to the variable and unstable environment of the rockpool ecosystems.     

铜藻基载铁活性炭的制备及其对亚甲基蓝的吸附特性研究

以一种大型海藻——铜藻为原料,Fe Cl3·6H2O为活化剂,采用超声浸渍-原位合成法制备了铜藻基载铁活性炭(Fe/SAC),并以活性炭得率和亚甲基蓝吸附值为指标,通过正交法考察了活化温度、活化时间和浸渍比的影响.同时,采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和比表面积分析仪对最优结果进行表征,并考察了Fe/SAC吸附亚甲基蓝的热力学与动力学特性.结果表明,Fe/SAC的最优制备工艺条件为活化温度600℃、活化时间1 h、浸渍比1∶1,此时的活性炭得率为39.5%,亚甲基蓝吸附值为255.67 mg·g~(-1);最优工艺条件下制得的Fe/SAC比表面积为558.31 m2·g~(-1),其负载的铁组分主要为Fe3O4和Fe O;亚甲基蓝在Fe/SAC上的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,Langmuir等温吸附模型能够很好地描述吸附平衡过程,该吸附是熵增加的自发吸热(ΔS0、ΔG0、ΔH0)过程,升温有利于吸附.     

铜藻基生物炭的水热制备及性能表征

以浙江优势大型海藻之一的铜藻为原料,采用水热炭化法制备了生物炭.同时,通过正交法,以碳回收率和得率为指标,考察了反应时间、反应温度及铜藻与去离子水质量比等因素的影响,确定制备水热炭的最佳工艺条件.结果表明,制备铜藻基水热炭的最佳工艺条件为:反应时间2 h,反应温度180℃,铜藻与去离子水质量比1/4,在此条件下,水热炭的碳回收率为65.0%,得率为51.4%.元素分析、BET、接触角测定和傅里叶红外表征结果表明,铜藻基水热炭比表面积为26.6 m2·g-1,pH值为4.8,具有较高的O/C和较低的C/N,与干法裂解炭相比,其亲水性更强,且表面具有更为丰富的含氧、含氮官能团,灰分含量更低,得率和碳回收率分别提高了53.4%和33.5%.     

高比表面积铜藻基活性炭的制备及工艺优化

以铜藻为原料,在对其进行元素含量、生化组成分析的基础上,分别采用ZnCl2活化法和H3PO4活化法制备活性炭,并以活性炭得率、碘吸附值、焦糖脱色率为指标,采用正交法考察了升温速率、活化温度、浸渍比(活化剂/铜藻质量比)等因素的影响,得到最佳工艺条件.同时,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、Brunauer-Emmet-Tller(BET)比表面积等方法分析活性炭特征.结果表明,铜藻原料粒度对制得的活性炭性能影响显著,106～180μm的颗粒较为适合.ZnCl2活化法制得的活性炭吸附性能明显优于H3PO4活化法;ZnCl2活化法的最佳工艺条件为:升温速率10℃.min-1、活化温度600℃、活化时间2h、浸渍比4,在保证活性炭得率超过30%的基础上,制备的活性炭比表面积为2314.58m2.g-1,碘吸附值为835.3mg.g-1,焦糖脱色率为110%,性能明显优于其他大型海藻原料所制备的活性炭,是陆地传统活性炭原料的有效补充.     

Linking Local Perceptions to the Biophysical and Amenity Contexts of Forest Disturbance in Colorado

Disturbances by insects have considerable effect on the heterogeneity of forested landscapes in North America. Responding to calls for bringing human dimensions of landscape disturbance and heterogeneity into ecological assessments and management strategies, this paper explores linkages between biophysical, socioeconomic, and perceptual aspects of a mountain pine beetle (MPB) (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreak in north central Colorado. Findings are presented from surveys conducted with residents of nine Colorado communities and variations in local perceptions of MPB risks and forest management attitudes are compared to indices of tree mortality and amenity characteristics. Findings suggest respondents from lower amenity communities with more recent emphasis on resource extraction and higher tree mortality had significantly higher risk perceptions of some MPB impacts, lower trust in federal forest management, and higher faith in forest industry and specific industry options than those from higher amenity communities with less tree mortality. While not implying these contextual influences fully explain such perceptual dimensions, this paper explores possible implications of heterogeneity across human landscapes for improving the saliency and efficiency of regional forest management and planning.     

活性炭负载三价铁光催化臭氧氧化降解莠去津生产废水

莠去津(atrazine)是一种广泛使用的除草剂,其生产废水具有高有机物浓度和高盐度等特点,处理难度大,为此针对性地开发和评价了活性炭负载三价铁催化剂(AC-Fe~(3+))光催化臭氧氧化对莠去津生产废水的降解效果,考察了催化剂投加量、紫外功率、曝气强度对该废水COD和NH_3-N降解的影响,探究了负载型光催化氧化体系下的降解机理及吸附降解动力学。结果表明,加入AC-Fe~(3+)催化剂后,降解效果得到显著的提升,AC-Fe~(3+)可以有效延缓高盐对处理过程的不利影响。当催化剂投量为40 g·L~(-1),紫外线功率为14 W,曝气强度为800 L·h~(-1)时,废水COD和NH_3-N的去除率分别可以达到70.9%和87.7%。研究结果可为含高盐、高有机物工业废水的高效处理提供一种新思路。