Physicochemical characteristics of ambient particles settling upon leaf surfaces of urban plants in Beijing

Particulate pollution is a serious health problem throughout the world, exacerbating a wide range of respiratory and vascular illnesses in urban areas. Urban plants play an important role in reducing particulate pollution. Physicochemical characteristics of ambient particles settling upon leaf surfaces of eleven roadside plants at four sites of Beijing were studies. Results showed that density of particles on the leaf surfaces greatly varied with plant species and traffic condition. Fraxinus chiuensis, Sophora japonica Ailanthus altissima, Syringa oblata and Prunus persica, had larger densities of particles among the tall species. Due to resuspension of road dust, the densities of particles of Euonymus japonicns and Parthenocissus quinquefolia with low sampling height were 2-35 times to other taller tree species. For test plant species, micro-roughness of leaf surfaces and density of particles showed a close correlation. In general, the larger micro-roughness of leaf surfaces is, the larger density of particles is. Particles settling upon leaf surfaces were dominantly PM30 （particulate matter less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter; 98.4%） and PM2.5 （particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter; 64.2%） which were closely relative to human health. Constant elements of particles were C, O, K, Ca, Si, Al, Mg, Na, Fe, S, Cl and minerals with higher content were SiO2, CaCO3, CaMg（CO3）2, NaCI and 2CASO4. H2O, SiO2. CaCO3 and CaMg（CO3）2 mainly came from resuspension of road dust. 2CaSO4. H2O was produced by the reaction between CaCO3 derived from earth dust or industrial emission and SO2, H2SO4 or sulfate. NaCl was derived from sea salt.     

呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑积沙区的植被分带性

呼伦贝尔沙质草原现代风蚀坑主要包括平缓草地的简单风蚀坑、复合风蚀坑和固定沙丘的简单风蚀坑3种类型。坑后积沙区植被出现明显的分带性,且随风蚀坑及其下风侧积沙体的形态、尺度而发生变化。在平缓草地简单风蚀坑下风侧积沙体平面形态呈顺风向的舌状,由坑口至原生草地,随积沙厚度顺风向减小,依次出现沙蓬、冰草和百里香3个植被带;平缓草地复合风蚀坑后缘形成具有滑落面的大型流动沙丘,在沙丘背风侧顺风向依次出现舌状裸沙带、舌状拂子茅带及两侧的冰草带;固定沙丘风蚀坑坑后积沙呈裸沙形式穿越沙丘原有的山刺玫和小叶锦鸡儿两个灌木带,并在裸沙带外围形成舌状拂子茅带。风蚀坑下风侧积沙区植被的分带性反映了草地植被对风沙活动的响应,即随着坑后积沙体的扩大,草地植被由原生向沙生逆向演替。