Recently, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has banned the use of iprodione (IPR), a common hydantoin fungicide and nematicide that was frequently used for the protective treatment of crops and vegetables. In the present study, the treatment of 2 mg/L (6.06 μM) aqueous IPR solution through ultraviolet-C (UV-C)-activated persulfate (PS) advanced oxidation process (UV-C/PS) was investigated. Baseline experiments conducted in distilled water (DW) indicated that complete IPR removal was achieved in 20 min with UV-C/PS treatment at an initial PS concentration of 0.03 mM at pH?=?6.2. IPR degradation was accompanied with rapid dechlorination (followed as Cl? release) and PS consumption. UV-C/PS treatment was also effective in IPR mineralization; 78% dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was removed after 120-min UV-C/PS treatment (PS?=?0.30 mM) compared with UV-C at 0.5 W/L photolysis where no DOC removal occurred. LC analysis confirmed the formation of dichloroaniline, hydroquinone, and acetic and formic acids as the major aromatic and aliphatic degradation products of IPR during UV-C/PS treatment whereas only dichloroaniline was observed for UV-C photolysis under the same reaction conditions. IPR was also subjected to UV-C/PS treatment in simulated tertiary treated urban wastewater (SWW) to examine its oxidation performance and ecotoxicological behavior in a more complex aquatic environment. In SWW, IPR and DOC removal rates were inhibited and PS consumption rates decreased. The originally low acute toxicity (9% relative inhibition towards the photobacterium Vibrio fischeri) decreased to practically non-detectable levels (4%) during UV-C/PS treatment of IPR in SWW.
相似文献Methods: A cross-sectional validation study was carried out on a total sample of 380 young adults aged 18 to 25 years who live in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected from January 27 to May 20, 2015, using a self-administered structured pool of 76 items that was developed from research on the theory of planned behavior. A panel of subject-matter experts evaluated the items for content validity index and content validity ratio, and the questionnaire was pretested. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed to test construct validity. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analyses were done to assess internal consistency and stability of the scale.
Results: From the initial 76 items, 38 items were found to be appropriate for assessing the pedestrian road crossing behavior (PEROB) of young adults in Tehran. A 9-factor solution revealed an exploratory factor analysis that jointly accounted for 63.8% of the variance observed. Additional analyses also indicated acceptable results for the internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha value ranging from 0.67 to 0.88 and ICC values ranging from 0.64 to 0.96.
Conclusions: This psychometric evaluation of a self-administered instrument resulted in a reliable and valid instrument to assess young adult pedestrians' self-reported road crossing attitudes and behaviors in Tehran. Further development of the instrument is needed to assess its applicability to other road users, particularly older pedestrians. 相似文献