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In this paper we analyze the concept of interactions between policy instruments addressing environmental, energy and climate
change issues. Although discussion on such policies has been taking place for almost two decades, their interactions are not
so sufficiently explored. Initially, we refer to literature on various types of interactions and we classify them. Furthermore,
we construct a qualitative method that can assist policymakers in selecting an optimal policy mix. This method breaks down
into numerous components, the areas where different policies interact, and facilitates the unveiling of potential overlaps
and complementarities. These areas consist of categories as measure identification, objectives, scope, market arrangements,
market flexibility, financing, technological parameters, timing, compliance parameters and institutional setup. In addition,
it renders the possibility of combining different options and design elements of policies. Furthermore, a list of various
criteria serves as an assessment tool for interactions, where a weighing factor and uncertainty parameters have been added,
in order to produce an aggregate indicator of the ex-ante analysis of the policy mix selected. Through this method, we present
a complete framework of discernment of diverse forms of environmental policy instruments. 相似文献
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Integrating Conservation and Development at the National Marine Park of Alonissos,Northern Sporades,Greece: Perception and Practice 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Available information on the socioeconomic implications of marine protected areas (MPAs) for the socioculturally diverse Mediterranean
region is scant. The National Marine Park of Alonissos, Northern Sporades (NMPANS), Greece was established in 1992 as a foundation
for the conservation of the endangered Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus. The evolution of the degree of acceptance of and satisfaction from the NMPANS by involved stakeholder groups (fishermen,
tourism operators, hoteliers and owners of rooms to let, governmental bodies, nongovernmental bodies, students, domestic and
foreign tourists) were investigated 13 years after its establishment using written questionnaires delivered during personal
interviews. The initial positive attitude of local professionals for the NMPANS has eroded due to the unsatisfactory fulfillment
of expectations for socioeconomic development. Fishermen expressed dissatisfaction with, mistrust toward, and a reluctancy
to communicate with the NMPANS’s management body. They believe that the fishery areas have decreased in actual geographic
area because of the prohibitive measures; fish stocks are declining; compensation for damage to fishery equipment by the Mediterranean
monk seal and for the prohibitive measures should be provided; and stricter enforcement of regulations should take place.
On the other hand, tourism operators, who organize trips for tourists to the NMPANS, unanimously reported direct economic
benefits. Furthermore, there was a disparity in the perception of socioeconomic benefits derived from the NMPANS between governmental
bodies and local stakeholders. The governmental bodies and the nongovernmental organization MOm-Hellenic Society for the Study
and Protection of the Monk Seal postulated that there had been considerable socioeconomic benefits for the local community
of Alonissos due to the establishment of the NMPANS, whereas the local nongovernmental organization Ecological and Cultural
Movement of Alonissos claimed benefits were scant. Tourists (domestic and foreign) believe that the NMPANS is not the main
attraction to Alonissos Island but is part of a composite, including serenity, aesthetic beauty, and small-scale tourism development,
which can turn Alonissos Island into an ideal eco-tourism destination; a common aspiration for both the tourists and the local
community by general consensus. The aim of the NMPANS to integrate conservation and development lies in (1) the effectiveness
of the NMPANS management body in formulating a strategic management plan that would accommodate stakeholders’ interests and
aspirations and (2) a national policy of conservation and enhancement of natural resources with consistency and continuity.
Quantitative assessment of the socioeconomic effectiveness of the Mediterranean MPAs using a common methodology would facilitate
the identification of intraregional variation and better planning for the network of MPAs in the Mediterranean. 相似文献
3.
Nature provides life-support services which do not merely constitute the basis for ecosystem integrity but also benefit human
societies. The importance of such multiple outputs is often ignored or underestimated in environmental planning and decision
making. The economic valuation of ecosystem functions or services has been widely used to make these benefits economically
visible and thus address this deficiency. Alternatively, the relative importance of the components of ecosystem value can
be identified and compared by means of multi-criteria evaluation. Hereupon, this article proposes a conceptual framework that
couples ecosystem function analysis, multi criteria evaluation and social research methodologies for introducing an ecosystem
function-based planning and management approach. The framework consists of five steps providing the structure of a participative
decision making process which is then tested and ratified, by applying the discrete multi-criteria method NAIADE, in the Kalloni
Natura 2000 site, on Lesbos, Greece. Three scenarios were developed and evaluated with regard to their impacts on the different
types of ecosystem functions and the social actors’ value judgements. A conflict analysis permitted the better elaboration
of the different views, outlining the coalitions formed in the local community and shaping the way towards reaching a consensus. 相似文献
4.
D. Gasparatos D. Tarenidis C. Haidouti G. Oikonomou 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2005,2(4):175-178
The internal structure, iron and manganese distributions of Fe-Mn nodules from imperfectly drained soils of central Greece were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis. Nodules exhibited a differentiated structure with discontinuous concentric rings as expression of their redox history. Fe and Mn have shown distinct repartition and were distributed mainly in concentric bands. The microstructure and the arrangement of iron—manganese compounds reflect the periodical development and the relative slow accretion rates of the studied nodules. These properties provide ample opportunity for adsorption and isolation of heavy metals from the soil system. 相似文献
5.
Vlasis Oikonomou Alexandros Flamos Niki-Artemis Spyridaki Wytze van der Gaast Ariane De Dominicis Nicolas Chung 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(2):187-205
Next to energy efficiency, in the context of GHG reductions, additional policy mechanisms to the incumbent EU Emissions Trading
scheme (EU ETS) are discussed. Such is the case of Non-ETS Domestic Offset (DO) schemes, which can reduce CO2-eq.emissions in the non-ETS sectors and trade these as CO2 credits on the ETS market. Taking into account that the EU’s “Linking Directive” (EC 2004) creates the conditions to use credits generated by emission reduction projects certified by the UN Framework Convention
on Climate Change Kyoto Protocol (KP) within the EU ETS market, in this paper we employ the institutional analysis method
of interactions in order to provide insight of a combined White Certificates (WhC) and DOs cheme. Special attention is paid
to the parameters that seem to hamper harmonization of WhC and DO. Aim of this paper is to discuss whether smart market- based
instruments, such as WhC, can be complementary to the effectiveness of mechanisms fostering energy efficiency such as DOs
projects and vice versa. In this respect, the potential combined scheme is assessed (ex-ante) with the help of standard criteria
that refer to the triptych energy, environment & society. Given the outcome of the study made, it is fair to say that such
a DO/WhC combined scheme could be selected if the additionality concern is to minimize short term social costs of reaching
a certain goal. However recent information and research conducted so far cannot yet uphold an ambition that a WhC/DO scheme
of this kind could also drive technical change, keep consumer costs down and be equitable. 相似文献
6.
Integrating Joint Implementation Projects for Energy Efficiency on the Built Environment with White Certificates in The Netherlands 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
V. Oikonomou W. van der Gaast 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(1):61-85
In this paper we analyze policy interactions between two innovative climate and energy policy instruments, namely White Certificates
(WhC) and Joint Implementation (JI) that target at energy efficiency improvement and reductions of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions.
We have selected The Netherlands and Bulgaria as a case study given that the former has a cumulated experience in energy efficiency
policies and the latter for a growing potential in JI projects as a host country. Based on a method of analyzing policy interactions,
we demonstrate how a possible design of such a scheme can take place and how it should function. A couple of parameters that
deserve attention are a baseline definition and a conversion rate for credits. Our basic finding is that an integrated scheme
is complementary and can assist substantially in achieving Dutch national United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) Kyoto Protocol targets. Dutch electricity and gas suppliers (parties that receive energy efficiency obligations)
can implement energy efficiency projects domestically and in other countries, hence reducing total abatement costs. Furthermore,
such a scheme can stimulate further energy efficiency actions from other stakeholders participating in energy markets. Based
on an ex-ante assessment, a carefully designed hybrid WhC and JI scheme appears to be effective in terms of targets, efficient,
generating positive impacts on markets and society, while uncertain in stimulating innovation.
相似文献
V. OikonomouEmail: |
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