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DOUGLAS J. MCCAULEY HILLARY S. YOUNG ROGER GUEVARA GARETH J. WILLIAMS ELEANOR A. POWER ROBERT B. DUNBAR DOUGLAS W. BIRD WILLIAM H. DURHAM FIORENZA MICHELI 《Conservation biology》2014,28(5):1312-1321
Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales 相似文献
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MURRAY A. RUDD KAREN F. BEAZLEY STEVEN J. COOKE ERICA FLEISHMAN DANIEL E. LANE MICHAEL B. MASCIA ROBIN ROTH GARY TABOR JISELLE A. BAKKER TERESA BELLEFONTAINE DOMINIQUE BERTEAUX BERNARD CANTIN KEITH G. CHAULK KATHRYN CUNNINGHAM ROD DOBELL ELEANOR FAST NADIA FERRARA C. SCOTT FINDLAY LARS K. HALLSTROM THOMAS HAMMOND LUISE HERMANUTZ JEFFREY A. HUTCHINGS KATHRYN E. LINDSAY TIM J. MARTA VIVIAN M. NGUYEN GREG NORTHEY KENT PRIOR SAUDIEL RAMIREZ‐SANCHEZ JAKE RICE DARREN J. H. SLEEP NORA D. SZABO GENEVIÈVE TROTTIER JEAN‐PATRICK TOUSSAINT JEAN‐PHILIPPE VEILLEUX 《Conservation biology》2011,25(3):476-484
Abstract: Integrating knowledge from across the natural and social sciences is necessary to effectively address societal tradeoffs between human use of biological diversity and its preservation. Collaborative processes can change the ways decision makers think about scientific evidence, enhance levels of mutual trust and credibility, and advance the conservation policy discourse. Canada has responsibility for a large fraction of some major ecosystems, such as boreal forests, Arctic tundra, wetlands, and temperate and Arctic oceans. Stressors to biological diversity within these ecosystems arise from activities of the country's resource‐based economy, as well as external drivers of environmental change. Effective management is complicated by incongruence between ecological and political boundaries and conflicting perspectives on social and economic goals. Many knowledge gaps about stressors and their management might be reduced through targeted, timely research. We identify 40 questions that, if addressed or answered, would advance research that has a high probability of supporting development of effective policies and management strategies for species, ecosystems, and ecological processes in Canada. A total of 396 candidate questions drawn from natural and social science disciplines were contributed by individuals with diverse organizational affiliations. These were collaboratively winnowed to 40 by our team of collaborators. The questions emphasize understanding ecosystems, the effects and mitigation of climate change, coordinating governance and management efforts across multiple jurisdictions, and examining relations between conservation policy and the social and economic well‐being of Aboriginal peoples. The questions we identified provide potential links between evidence from the conservation sciences and formulation of policies for conservation and resource management. Our collaborative process of communication and engagement between scientists and decision makers for generating and prioritizing research questions at a national level could be a model for similar efforts beyond Canada. 相似文献
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