PERCEPTIONS OF INTERIOR SPACES

A transactional approach was used to examine responses to dining and living rooms. In experiment 1, 19 subjects evaluated a sample of 37 rooms on nine scales and ranked ordered the scales as to difficulty of application. A factor analysis yielded three room categories: Decorative; Stylish; and Familiar. Subjects found it easier to make affective rather than cognitive judgments. Experiment 2 examined the effects of relative involvement on responses to the three categories of rooms. Stimulus materials included two matched sets (A and B) of 12 rooms (four from each category) and a detail from each (e.g. a lamp). Twenty-four male and 24 female subjects viewed the 12 rooms (set A or set B) and rated each one on six 7-point scales, wrote brief imaginative accounts of an episode which might take place in each room, and performed a recognition task for details of the rooms. Subjects did the scale ratings either before or after writing the narrative accounts, and wrote each narrative either from first or third person perspectives in a within-subjects design. The desire to live in a room was best predicted by perceived beauty and personal involvement. Involvement was fostered by rating the rooms before writing the stories and by a first person perspective. Familiar rooms were preferred most, while Decorative rooms were seen as most informative about the person.     

Endemism and Regional Color and Genetic Differences in Five Putatively Cosmopolitan Reef Fishes

Abstract:  Endemism is thought to be relatively rare in marine systems due to the lack of allopatric barriers and the potential for long-distance colonization via pelagic larval dispersal. Although many species of coral reef fishes exhibit regionally restricted color variants that are suggestive of regional endemism, such variation is typically ascribed to intraspecific variation. We examined the genetic structure in 5 putatively monospecific fishes from the Indo-West Pacific ( Amphiprion melanopus , Chrysiptera talboti , and Pomacentrus moluccensis [Pomacentridae] and Cirrhilabrus punctatus , and Labroides dimidiatus [Labridae]) that express regional color variation unique to this area. Mitochondrial-control-region sequence analysis showed shallow to deep genetic divergence in all 5 species (sequence divergence 2–17%), with clades concordant with regional color variation. These results were partially supported by nuclear RAG2 data. An analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) mirrored the phylogenetic results; Φ_ST values ranged from 0.91 to 0.7, indicating high levels of geographic partitioning of genetic variation. Concordance of genetics and phenotype demonstrate the genetic uniqueness of southwestern Pacific color variants, indicating that these populations are at a minimum distinct evolutionarily significant units and perhaps distinct regionally endemic species. Our results indicate that the alpha biodiversity of the southwestern Pacific is likely underestimated even in well-studied groups, such as reef fishes, and that regional endemism may be more common in tropical marine systems than previously thought.     

A Comparative Analysis of Specialization and Extinction Risk in Temperate-Zone Bats

Abstract:  Identifying the factors that influence the extinction risk of animals is essential in conservation biology because they help identify endangered species and provide the basis for their preservation. We present a comparative study that uses data from the literature on the diet and morphological specialization of European and North American bat species to investigate the effect of specialization on extinction risk. We focused on bats because many species are endangered and their high ecological diversity makes them a good model system for our purpose. After correcting for phylogenetic inertia, we compared the influence of dietary niche breadth as a measure of food specialization and of wing morphology as a measure of foraging strategy, habitat adaptation, and migratory ability on the vulnerability of 35 insectivorous bat species. Our results do not support the hypothesis that a narrow dietary niche breadth is related to high extinction risk. Instead they suggest that habitat specialization, which is reflected in wing morphology, influences the extinction risk of bats. Our study shows that an initial risk assessment in temperate-zone bats could be based on data of wing morphology but not on dietary data obtained from fecal analyses.     

COAL SUBSTITUTION AND OTHER APPROACHES TO EASING THE PRESSURE ON WOODFUEL RESOURCES

The substitution of coal for charcoal in domestic use in Dakar and Dar es Salaam is not immediately feasible for technical, social and economic reasons. In the event of severe charcoal shortages, coal is the only large-scale substitute likely to be available and research should be carried out to ensure that the problems of its use and distribution are solved in advance. Coal, bottled gas, improvements in stove efficiency and charcoal manufacture are unlikely to ease the pressure on free-good wood resources unless they are associated with effective ceilings on wood exploitation. The production of charcoal for urban use should become a commercial responsibility linked with rural wood lot planting and exploitation. La substitution du charbon à la place du charbon de bois pour les usages domestiques à Dakar et à Dar es Salaam n'est pas possible dans l'immédiat pour des raisons techniques, sociales et économiques. Dans le cas de pénuries aigues en charbon de bois, le charbon est l'unique combustible de remplacement qui serait disponible sur une grande échelle et des recherches devraient être entreprises afin de s'assurer que les problèmes concernant son utilisation et sa répartition soient résolus d'avance. Le charbon, le gaz en bouteille, les améliorations dans le rendement des fourneaux et dans la fabrication du charbon de bois ne soulageront sans doute pas la pression exercée sur les ressources gratuites en bois à moins que celles-ci ne soient limitées par des plafonds concernant l'exploitation du bois. La production du charbon de bois pour les utilisations urbaines devrait être commercialement liée à un programme de plantation et d'exploitation parcellaires rurales. La substitución de carbón vegetal por carbón mineral para uso doméstico en Dakar y Dar es Salaam no es factible en forma immediata debido a razones técnicas, sociales y económicas. En caso de una escasez severa de carbón vegetal el único substituto que puede estar disponsible es el carbón mineral; en consecuencia debe investigarse para asegurar que los problemas de su uso y distribución sean resueltos con anticipación. El carbón mineral, el gas embotellado, y las mejoras en la eficiencia de las cocinas y en la fabricación del carbón vegetal tienen poca probabilidad de disminuir la demanda de un bien gratuito como es la leña a menos que esten asociados a una limitación efectiva de la explotación de los bosques. La producción del carbón vegetal para uso urbano debe ser una responsabilidad comercial ligada a la reforestación y explotación de bosques.     

Encouraging Natural Gas Exploration in Developing Countries

Significant distinctions that exist between crude oil and natural gas compel that separate terms for gas be included in petroleum agreements. Fiscal terms, production shares and cost recovery are, like oil, important economic considerations in gas agreements. However, unlike oil agreements, other economic terms will also need to receive attention because gas agreements need to give explicit recognition to the process for commercializing the gas discovery.