Hussainsagar Lake in the heart of Hyderabad City (India) receives toxic substances through five streams draining from a catchment area of 245 km2. Of particular interest are heavy metals received from urban runoff as well as municipal sewage and industrial effluents. Heavy metals entering the lake get adsorbed onto the suspended sediments, which eventually settle down in the bottom of the lake. In this study, fractionation of metal ions has been studied on the bed sediments of Hussainsagar Lake in order to determine the ecotoxic potential of metal ions. Comparison of sediments with average shale values indicated anthropogenic enrichment with copper, nickel, lead, cadmium, and zinc. The risk assessment code as applied to the present study reveals that 10–17% of manganese, 10–18% of nickel, 14–24% of chromium, 10–19% of lead, 21–30% of cadmium, and 18–28% of zinc exist in exchangeable fraction and, therefore, comes under medium risk category and may enter into food chain. The association of these metals with the exchangeable fraction may cause deleterious effects to aquatic life. The present database will help in formulating guidelines for carrying out dredging operations under restoration programs in the Hussainsagar Lake. 相似文献
Particle-size-fractioned transfer of dioxins from sediments to water columns by resuspension process was investigated, using supernatant samples obtained from shaking experiments of sediment-water pairs simulating natural disturbances. The concentrations (dry-matter mass basis) of individual compounds (Cfraction) in two particle size fractions (0.1-1 and 1-10 μm) in the supernatants were generally slightly higher than those in the original sediment (Csed). Cfraction/Csed ratios ranged from 0.45 to 5.9 (median 1.5) without consistent differences among congener groups or consistent correlations against the number of chlorine atoms. The dioxin concentrations in the water column associated with the remaining sediment particles can therefore be estimated by those in the original sediment and by the concentration of suspended sediment particles in the water. The concentration of each compound in the remaining sediment particles (mostly 0.1-10 μm in size) can be roughly estimated by multiplying the concentration in the original sediment by 1.5. 相似文献
In high-latitude waters such as the Southern Ocean, the primary production of phytoplankton supports the ecosystem. To understand
the photo-acclimation strategy of such phytoplankton within cold environments, the vertical distribution profile of photosynthetic
pigments was analyzed in the Southern Ocean. Samples were taken along 110°E during the austral summer, and along 150°E and
around the edge of the seasonal sea ice of the Antarctic Continent during the austral autumn. Pigment extraction methods were
optimized for these samples. The standing crop of chlorophyll a was larger in the region along the edge of the seasonal sea ice than at sampling stations in open ocean areas. Chlorophyll
concentration seemed to be dependent on the formation of thermo- and haloclines along the edge of the seasonal sea ice, but
not in the open ocean where such clines are less pronounced. The marker pigments fucoxanthin and/or 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin
were dominant at most sampling stations throughout the water column, while other marker pigments such as alloxanthin were
quite low. This indicated that diatoms and/or haptophytes were the major phytoplankton in this area. Comparison of the relative
ratio of fucoxanthin with that of 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin allowed some stations to be characterized as either diatom-dominant
or haptophyte-dominant. The relative ratio of xanthophyll-cycle pigments (diadinoxanthin plus diatoxanthin) to chlorophyll
a was high in surface waters and decreased gradually with depth. This suggests that near the ice edge during summer in the
Southern Ocean, both diatoms and haptophytes acclimate to their light environments to protect their photosystems under high-light
conditions. 相似文献
The anthropogenic radionuclides, (90)Sr, (137)Cs and (239+240)Pu, were measured in the water column of the Japan Sea/East Sea during 1997-2000. The vertical profiles of radionuclide concentrations showed: exponential decrease with depth for (90)Sr and (137)Cs, and surface minimum/subsurface maximum for (239+240)Pu. These results do not differ substantially from results reported previously. The area-averaged concentrations of radionuclides in the Japan Sea are higher than those found in the Northwest Pacific Ocean below surface layer showing the accumulation of the radionuclides in the deep waters in the Japan Sea. Concerning spatial distributions, the area of high (137)Cs inventory extends from the Japan Basin into the Yamato Basin. It is suggested that wintertime convection of water, occurring mainly in the Japan Basin, causes the radionuclides to sink. The nuclides then advect into the Yamato Basin after detouring around the Yamato Rise. 相似文献
Bacterial isolates from multi-species biofilms were identified by 16S rDNA gene sequences and investigated for their inductive
effects as monospecific biofilms on larval metamorphosis of Mytilus galloprovincialis. Alteromonas sp. 1 biofilm was found to have inductive activity, which increased with increasing cell density. The cue(s) of Alteromonas sp. 1 biofilm responsible for inducing larval metamorphosis was further investigated. Treatment of the biofilm with formalin,
ethanol, heat or ultraviolet irradiation resulted in a significant reduction in the inductive activity of Alteromonas sp. 1, and the crude extract of surface-bound products of the biofilm showed no activity. These results indicated that if
the cue was a surface-bound chemical cue, it was unstable, or susceptible to the treatments or the extraction process. On
the other hand, the inductive activity of treated biofilms had a linear regression to the cell survival of bacteria, indicating
a metabolically active biofilm was a requirement for larval metamorphosis. Conditioned water of the biofilm did not induce
larvae to metamorphose. However, larval crawling behavior in the conditioned water was the same as that in the biofilm prior
to larval metamorphosis, and significantly different to larval behavior in seawater. This indicated that a potential or partial
waterborne cue existed, but remained inactive when alone. A synergistic effect of the conditioned water with formalin-fixed
Alteromonas sp. 1 biofilm resulted in a significant increase in larval metamorphosis. Heat treatment and fractionation of the conditioned
water demonstrated that the waterborne cue was heat-stable and <3,000 Da in molecular weight. Platinum-coating, Lentil Lectin
and Wheat Germ Agglutinin treatments of the formalin-fixed biofilm significantly reduced its synergistic effect with the conditioned
water, suggesting that a surface-bound cue was present on the biofilm and that the cue might be associated with the bacterial
exopolysaccharide or glycoprotein. Evidence presented here suggests that two chemical cues derived from bacteria act synergistically
on larval metamorphosis of Mytilus galloprovincialis. 相似文献
This study investigated the response of cyprids of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite to 23 strains of laboratory cultured periphytic diatoms isolated from microbial biofilms that formed on glass slides immersed
in Tachibana bay, Nagasaki, and those from mass-production tanks in the Fisheries Center of Nagasaki City, Japan. In addition,
periphytic diatoms were subjected to various treatments, in order to investigate the nature of the chemical cue in periphytic
diatoms. Cyprids of A. amphitrite responded differently to the 23 different periphytic diatom strains and settled in high percentages on Cocconeis sp. and Navicularamosissima strain A. On the other hand, nine strains of diatoms significantly inhibited settlement. The settlement inducing activity
of N. ramosissima strain A increased linearly with diatom density, and its activity was enhanced by culturing the diatom under a bacteria-free
condition, suggesting that specific diatom species, i.e., N. ramosissima strain A, may play an important role on larval settlement of the barnacle. Subjecting N. ramosissima strain A biofilm to hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ethanol (EtOH) treatments or heating it at 100°C did not inactivate the film,
indicating that the settlement cue was a stable surface bound compound that did not decompose from the above treatments. Moreover,
of the various lectins, enzymes, and drugs [H5IO6 and sodium dodecyl sulfate or (SDS)] used, only Lentil Agglutinin (LCA) treatment of N. ramosissima strain A biofilm resulted in the reduction its settlement inducing activity. A positive correlation was observed between
the settlement inducing activity and the amount of LCA conjugated fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-LCA) of N. ramosissima strain A. On the other hand, subjecting biofilms of N. ramosissima strain B, an inactive strain, to various types of treatments resulted in the induction of A. amphitrite larval settlement but LCA treatment also reduced the activity of these treated N. ramosissima strain B biofilms. These findings suggest that a cue containing an LCA-binding sugar chain is present in both A and B strains
of N. ramosissima but the large amount of mucous substance covering N. ramosissima strain B biofilm probably makes the sugar chain containing active subunit in strain B unavailable to A. amphitrite cyprids. In conclusion, periphytic diatoms such as N. ramosissima play an important role in larval settlement of the barnacle A. amphitrite. The cue in the diatom was an LCA-binding sugar chain(s) compound that may have similarities to the settlement inducing protein
complex (SIPC) from adult shell of the barnacle. 相似文献
Objective: Although it is important to assess the factors associated with traffic accident fatalities to decrease them as a matter of public health, such factors have not been fully identified.
Methods: Using a large-scale data set of ambulance records in Osaka City, Japan, we retrospectively analyzed all traffic accident patients transported to hospitals by emergency medical service personnel from 2013 to 2014. In this study, prehospital death was defined as that occurring at the scene or in the emergency department immediately after hospital arrival. We assessed prehospital factors associated with prehospital death due to traffic accidents by logistic regression models.
Results: This study enrolled 28,903 emergency patients involved in traffic accidents, of whom 68 died prehospital. In a multivariate model, elderly patients aged ≥75 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.29–8.23), nighttime (AOR = 2.75; 95% CI, 1.65–4.70), and type of injured person compared to bicyclists such as pedestrians (AOR = 9.58; 95% CI, 5.07–17.99), motorcyclists (AOR = 2.75; 95% CI, 1.21–6.24), and car occupants (AOR = 2.98; 95% CI, 1.39–6.40) were significantly associated with prehospital death due to traffic accidents. In addition, the AOR for automobile versus nonautomobile as the collision opponent was 4.76 (95% CI, 2.30–9.88).
Conclusions: In this population, the factors associated with prehospital death due to traffic accidents were elderly people, nighttime, and pedestrian as the type of patient. The proportion of prehospital deaths due to traffic accidents was also high when the collision component was an automobile. 相似文献
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of ultraviolet A (UV-A) irradiation-induced damage on cultured macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and determine which components produced these manifestations. RAW 264.7 cells were irradiated with 365 nm UV-A using a light-emitting diode (LED). Cell viability and damage were determined using a calcein-AM and propidium iodide dual-staining assay and lactate dehydrogenase leakage, respectively. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by H2DCF-DA. The components of ROS in each medium were measured using an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer in the presence of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) and 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrroline-3-carboxamide (TPC). While UV-A irradiation for 2 min significantly suppressed cell growth, LDH leakage did not occur. Addition of N-acetyl cysteine restored inhibition of cell proliferation, and reduced intracellular ROS levels. The EPR signal in the presence of TPC increased with time but was decreased by sodium azide. In addition, a typical EPR spectrum was obtained in the presence of DMPO, indicating the presence of a hydroxyradical. The spectrum was diminished by L-histidine. Data suggest that ROS generated in cells or culture medium by UV-A irradiation is predominantly singlet oxygen, and this singlet oxygen suppressed cell proliferation. 相似文献
In order to discuss the dry deposition fluxes of atmospheric fixed nitrogen species, observations of aerosol chemistry including nitrate (NO3?) and ammonium (NH4+) were conducted at two islands, Rishiri Island and Sado Island, over the Sea of Japan. Although the atmospheric concentrations of particulate NH4+–N showed higher values than those of particulate NO3?–N at both sites, the dry deposition fluxes of the particulate NO3?–N were estimated to be higher than those of the particulate NH4+–N. This was caused by the difference of particle sizes between the particulate NO3? and NH4+; NH4+ was almost totally contained in fine particles (d < 2.5 μm) with smaller deposition velocity, whereas NO3? was mainly contained in coarse particles (d > 2.5 μm) with greater deposition velocity. Fine mode NO3? was strongly associated with fine mode sea-salt and mineral particles, of which higher concentrations shifted the size of particulate NO3? toward the fine mode range. This size shift would decrease the dry deposition flux of the fixed nitrogen species on coastal waters and accelerate atmospheric transport of them to the remote oceanic areas. 相似文献