华北某油田石油降解菌的筛选及降解特性

以石油为唯一碳源,从华北某油田污染土壤中筛选出石油降解菌12株。其中5株菌有较强降解能力,分别编号为z-3、z-6、z-7、z-8和z-b,在30℃,160 r/min摇床培养10 d后,菌株对石油降解率分别为63.8%、34.2%、44.8%、50.5%和42.3%。通过生理生化和分子生物学鉴定,确定这5株菌分别属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、假黄单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomonas)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)。通过对这5株菌生物量、脱氢酶及邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶活性的监测,发现生物量及酶活性与石油降解能力具有直接关系。最后,对5株菌的生长条件进行优化,其中z-3、z-6、z-7和z-b菌株对石油降解率较优化前提高10%左右。     

Vertical distributions of wintertime atmospheric nitrogenous compounds and the corresponding OH radicals production in Leshan, southwest China

Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations were operated from 02 to 21 December 2018 in Leshan, southwest China, to measure HONO, NO₂ and aerosol extinction vertical distributions, and these were the first MAX-DOAS measurement results in Sichuan Basin. During the measurement period, characteristic ranges for surface concentration were found to be 0.26–4.58 km^?1 and averaged at 0.93 km^?1 for aerosol extinction, 0.49 to 35.2 ppb and averaged at 4.57 ppb for NO₂ and 0.03 to 7.38 ppb and averaged at 1.05 ppb for HONO. Moreover, vertical profiles of aerosol, NO₂ and HONO were retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurements using the Heidelberg Profile (HEIPRO) algorithm. By analysing the vertical gradients of pollutants and meteorological information, we found that aerosol and HONO are strongly localised, while NO₂ is mainly transmitted from the north direction (city center direction). Nitrogen oxides such as HONO and NO₂ are important for the production of hydroxyl radical (OH) and oxidative capacity in the troposphere. In this study, the averaged value of OH production rate from HONO is about 0.63 ppb/hr and maximum value of ratio between OH production from HONO and from (HONO+O₃) is > 93% before12:00 in Leshan. In addition, combustion emission contributes to 26% for the source of HONO in Leshan, and we found that more NO₂ being converted to HONO under the conditions with high aerosol extinction coefficient and high relative humidity is also a dominant factor for the secondary produce of HONO.     

Microbial community and functional genes in the rhizosphere of alfalfa in crude oil-contaminated soil

A rhizobox system constructed with crude oil-contaminated soil was vegetated with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to evaluate the rhizosphere effects on the soil microbial population and functional structure, and to explore the potential mechanisms by which plants enhance the removal of crude oil in soil. During the 80-day experiment, 31.6% of oil was removed from the adjacent rhizosphere (AR); this value was 27% and 53%higher than the percentage of oil removed from the far rhizosphere (FR) and from the non-rhizosphere (NR), respectively. The populations of heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were higher in the AR and FR than in the NR. However, the removal rate of crude oil was positively correlated with the proportion of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in the rhizosphere. In total, 796, 731, and 379 functional genes were detected by microarray in the AR, FR, and NR, respectively. Higher proportions of functional genes related to carbon degradation and organic remediation, were found in rhizosphere soil compared with NR soil, suggesting that the rhizosphere selectively increased the abundance of these specific functional genes. The increase in water-holding capacity and decrease in pH as well as salinity of the soil all followed the order of AR>FR>NR. Canonical component analysis showed that salinity was the most important environmental factor influencing the microbial functional structure in the rhizosphere and that salinity was negatively correlated with the abundance of carbon and organic degradation genes.     

机械力化学活化HPW-TiO_2/膨润土光催化降解甲基橙

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了磷钨酸(HPW)改性TiO_2,并固载于膨润土上,再经机械力化学活化,得到机械力化学活化HPW-TiO_2/膨润土(MCA-HPW-TiO_2/膨润土)复合光催化剂。采用XRD,SEM,EDS技术对复合光催化剂进行了表征,并将其用于甲基橙的紫外光催化降解。表征结果显示:活性组分TiO_2和HPW成功固载于膨润土上;在机械力化学活化作用下,膨润土层间结构遭到破坏,TiO_2的XRD特征峰形呈弥散状态。实验结果表明:机械力化学活化作用对HPW-TiO_2/膨润土的光催化性能提升效果显著;在酸性及近中性条件下MCA-HPWTiO_2/膨润土均具有较高的催化活性;在溶液p H 6.2、初始甲基橙质量浓度10 mg/L、反应时间180 min、MCAHPW-TiO_2/膨润土投加量1 g/L的条件下,甲基橙去除率达88.27%;该光催化降解过程符合一级动力学模型。     

土壤pH和Cd全量对伴矿景天修复效率的影响

修复效率是影响植物修复周期和技术推广的主要因素之一.采用不同pH和不同程度Cd污染农田土壤进行盆栽试验,其中,重度Cd污染土壤（简称"SKS处理"）中w（Cd）（Cd全量）高于GB 15618-2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》中的风险管控值,中度Cd污染土壤（通过人为调节并稳定其pH为3.97、4.97、6.03、6.90和7.93）中w（Cd）介于GB 15618-2018风险筛选值和管控值之间,轻度Cd污染土壤（简称"YH处理"）中w（Cd）略高于GB 15618-2018风险筛选值;比较修复前后不同pH和不同程度Cd污染对土壤Cd有效性、形态分配及w（Cd）的影响,并结合PCA（主成分分析）和Pearson相关性分析等方法深入研究影响植物修复效率的主控因素.结果表明:①与修复前相比,不同pH处理修复后土壤中w（有效态Cd）、w（弱酸提取态Cd）、w（可还原态Cd）、w（可氧化态Cd）和w（Cd）的减少量均随pH的降低而增加,土壤pH ≤ 6.0时,伴矿景天修复效率显著高于土壤pH>6.0的处理（P <0.05）.②修复后,轻度Cd污染土壤中w（Cd）降至GB 15618-2018风险筛选值以下,中度Cd污染土壤pH ≤ 6.0的处理中w（Cd）降至0.60 mg/kg左右,而pH>6.0的处理中w（Cd）仍高于1.00 mg/kg.③重度Cd污染土壤中w（有效态Cd）最高,其伴矿景天生物量与轻度Cd污染土壤处理无显著差异,w（Cd）达681.5 mg/kg,但修复效率显著低于其他处理（P <0.05）.综合PCA和Pearson相关性分析发现,影响伴矿景天修复效率的主控因素除土壤pH、Cd有效性和伴矿景天生物量外,伴矿景天的BCF（富集系数）对修复效率也具有重要作用.因此,伴矿景天更适用于弱酸性、中度Cd污染和轻度Cd污染土壤;而对碱性或重度Cd污染土壤进行植物修复时,可适当延长修复周期或联合修复以提高其修复效率.      

Leaf metabolic influence of glyphosate and nanotubes on the Arabidopsis thaliana phyllosphere

Chemical exposure can indirectly affect leaf microbiota communities, but the mechanism driving this phenomenon remains largely unknown. Results revealed that the co-exposure of glyphosate and multi-carbon nanotubes (CNTs) caused a synergistic inhibitory effect on the growth and metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana shoots. However, only a slight inhibitory effect was induced by nanotubes or glyphosate alone at the tested concentrations. Several intermediate metabolites of nitrogen metabolism and fatty acid synthesis pathways were upregulated under the combined treatment, which increased the amount of energy required to alleviate the disruption caused by the combined treatment. Additionally, compared with the two individual treatments, the glyphosate/nanotube combination treatment induced greater fluctuations in the phyllosphere bacterial community members with low abundance (relative abundance (RA) <1%) at both the family and genus levels, and among these bacteria some plant growth promotion and nutrient supplement related bacteria were markable increased. Strikingly, strong correlations between phyllosphere bacterial diversity and metabolites suggested a potential role of leaf metabolism, particularly nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism, in restricting the range of leaf microbial taxa. These correlations between phyllosphere bacterial diversity and leaf metabolism will improve our understanding of plant-microbe interactions and the extent of their drivers of variation and the underlying causes of variability in bacterial community composition.     

混凝—气浮工艺处理有机物污染地下水现场中试试验

对某农药厂原厂区的有机污染地下水的水质特征进行了分析，采用小试确定了药剂投加量，并采用中试装置考察了混凝—气浮工艺的去除效果。小试结果表明，聚合氯化铝（PAC）的最佳投加量为300 mg/L，聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）的最佳投加量为3 mg/L。中试运行结果表明，当进水流量为0.25 ~1.00 m3/h时，对浊度的去除率为82.66%~90.13%，对悬浮固体的去除率为80.12%~90.11%；碳原子数在10~28范围内的石油烃的平均去除率为38.96%~51.46%；1，2-二氯乙烷、2-甲基萘、苯、萘、甲苯、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的平均去除率分别为17.76%，67.49%，48.70%，54.56%，37.24%，62.53%。     

Cl,Br, B,Li, and noble gases isotopes to study the origin and evolution of deep groundwater in sedimentary basins: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Deep groundwater characteristics provide valuable information on oil and gas extraction&nbsp;and evolution of hydrosphere, and&nbsp;nonmetallic...     

Combination of rhamnolipid and biochar in assisting phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil using Spartina anglica

Biochar(BC) and rhamnolipid(RL) is used in bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons,however, the combined effect of BC and RL in phytoremediation has not been studied until now. In this paper, the phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil using novel plant Spartina anglica was enhanced by the combination of biochar(BC) and rhamnolipid(RL). Samples of petroleum-contaminated soil(10, 30 and 50 g/kg) were amended by BC, BC+ RL and rhamnolipid modified biochar(RMB), respectively. After 60 day's cultivation, the removal rate of total petroleum hydrocarbons(TPHs) for unplanted soil(UP), planted soil(P), planted soil with BC addition(P-BC), planted soil with BC and RL addition(P-BC + RL) and planted soil with addition of RMB(P-RMB) were 8.6%, 19.1%, 27.7%,32.4% and 35.1% in soil with TPHs concentration of 30 g/kg, respectively. Compared with UP,the plantation of Spartina anglica significantly decreased the concentration of C_(8–14) and tricyclic PAHs. Furthermore, the application of BC and RMB alleviated the toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons to Spartina anglica via improving plant growth with increasing plant height, root vitality and total chlorophyll content. High-throughput sequencing result indicated that rhizosphere microbial community of Spartina anglica was regulated by the application of BC and RMB, with increase of bacteria and plant mycorrhizal symbiotic fungus in biochar and RMB amended soil.     

物化-生化组合工艺在含高盐量、高氨氮量有机废水处理中的应用

采用双效蒸发浓缩器、蒸氨精馏塔等作为一级物化前处理技术；采用铁碳微电解－混凝作为二级物化处理技术；兼氧－好氧作为三级处理技术的工艺流程，成功地治理了含高盐量、高氨氮量的有机化工废水，经驯化污泥生化处理后，出水达到国家排放标准。