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排序方式: 共有39条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Shogo Kumagai Guido Grause Tomohito Kameda Toshiaki Yoshioka 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2014,16(2):282-290
Pure poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) resin and metal-/metal oxide-containing PET composites were thermally decomposed in the presence of Ca(OH)2 using a tube reactor. The effects of batch and continuous processing, the presence of Ca(OH)2, and PET size on benzene production were investigated. A maximum benzene yield and purity of 82.9 % and 78.8 wt%, respectively, were obtained at 700 °C in the presence of Ca(OH)2 when using small PET particles; further, a continuous feed reactor was favored over a batch reactor. Effective contact between PET and Ca(OH)2 was important in the PET degradation, which promoted hydrolysis of PET and decarboxylation of terephthalic acid, whereas pyrolysis was suppressed. Furthermore, the results of thermal decomposition of PET-based waste—PET-based X-ray films, magnetic tape, and prepaid cards—indicated that the metal and metal oxides contained in the waste had no significant catalytic effect on PET degradation or on the recovery of benzene-rich oil in the presence of Ca(OH)2. 相似文献
2.
Motoyuki Sugano Akihiro Komatsu Masanori Yamamoto Mika Kumagai Takayuki Shimizu Katsumi Hirano Kiyoshi Mashimo 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2009,11(1):27-31
Most landfilled plastic waste is a mixture or is in the form of composites with incombustible wastes such as glass, metals,
and ceramics. After hydrothermal treatment, including a steam-explosion process, the separation of mixed waste (MW) into organic
and inorganic substances becomes easy. However, the effect of hydrothermal pretreatment on the subsequent liquefaction of
organic substances from MW is not obvious. In this study, the effects on the liquefaction of polystyrene and high-density
polyethylene are discussed. Moreover, optimum conditions for the liquefaction of organic substances from hydrothermally treated
MW are identified. By means of this hydrothermal pretreatment, including the steam-explosion process, polystyrene and high-density
polyethylene can be significantly converted to oil by liquefaction at 300°–400°C. In comparison with liquefaction of hydrothermally
pretreated mixed waste (HMW) at 300°–400°C with a batch type reactor, the yield of oil increases significantly on liquefaction
using a semi-batch type reactor. It is considered that the radical chain and termination reactions among the radicals from
HMW were inhibited in the semi-batch type reactor. On liquefaction of HMW in a semi-batch reactor, the conversion of HMW to
oil was enhanced on increasing the liquefaction temperature to 350°C and the holding time to 60 min.
Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6 相似文献
3.
Effects of potassium alkalis and sodium alkalis on the dechlorination of o-chlorophenol in supercritical water 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Effects of potassium alkalis and sodium alkalis on the dechlorination of o-chlorophenol (o-CP) in supercritical water (SCW) were studied in this paper under the conditions of 450 degrees C and 25 MPa. Experimental results indicated that the dechlorination of o-CP can be accelerated significantly by all alkalis investigated. The dechlorination of o-CP proceeded mainly via two pathways: hydrodechlorination and hydrolysis. Both of the two pathways can be promoted by alkalis, and the dechlorination of o-CP can be accelerated by both the cations and hydroxide ion dissociated from alkalis. The overall dechlorination of o-CP can be accelerated by cations via promoting the hydrodechlorination pathway, while, hydroxide ion via promoting the hydrolysis pathway. In addition, the hydrodechlorination can be accelerated faster by sodium alkalis than that by potassium ones, while, the hydrolysis can be promoted faster by potassium alkalis. This difference may be caused by the different charge density between potassium ion and sodium ion, and the different solubility and dissociation constant between potassium alkalis and sodium alkalis in SCW. Dechlorination of o-CP with addition of alkalis prior to supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) process not only can avoid the reactor corrosion caused by the generated hydrochloric acid in direct SCWO of o-CP, but also can reduce the formation of toxic chlorinated byproducts compared with direct SCWO process or SCWO of o-CP with addition of alkali. 相似文献
4.
5.
Air pollution and young children's inhalation exposure to organophosphorus pesticide in an agricultural community in Japan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kawahara J Horikoshi R Yamaguchi T Kumagai K Yanagisawa Y 《Environment international》2005,31(8):1123-1132
Assessment of airborne organophosphorus pesticides in houses of young children (1-6 years old) and childcare facilities was conducted following pesticide applications in an agricultural community in Japan. Trichlorfon and fenitrothion, applied in two separate periods, were frequently detected from outdoor and indoor air. Dichlorvos, the primary degradation product of trichlorfon, was also detected after the application of trichlorfon. Both the outdoors and indoor concentration of applied pesticide were shown to increase with decreasing distance from the pesticide-applied farm. Indoor concentration of these pesticides significantly correlated with outdoor concentration (p=0.001 for trichlorfon and p=0.001 for fenitrothion), indicating infiltration of applied pesticide inside. Ratio of indoor to outdoor concentration (I/O ratio) of fenitrothion was higher for houses with windows open during the application than those with closed windows (median value: 0.74 vs. 0.16, p=0.003). However, a similar trend was not observed for trichlorfon as well as dichlorvos in the first period. Dichlorvos was found to have a higher I/O ratio than trichlorfon during the period, and clear correlation between indoor concentrations of dichlorvos and those of trichlorfon suggested increased decomposition of trichlorfon in the indoor environment. Daily inhalation exposure estimated by using the fixed measurement data and time-activity questionnaire ranged from 0 to 35 ng/kg/day for trichlorfon, from 0 to 26 ng/kg/day for dichlorvos, and from 0 to 44 ng/kg/day for fenitrothion. Median inhalation exposure from indoor air accounted for 74%, 86.3%, and 45% of the daily inhalation exposure, respectively. For kindergarteners or nursery school children, inhalation exposure at childcare facilities was comparable with or more than that at home, indicating that pollution level at childcare facilities had potential of high impact on children's exposure. Estimated daily inhalation exposures were inversely correlated to the proximity of their activity location to the pesticide-applied farm. 相似文献
6.
7.
M. Fujii N. Shinohara A. Lim T. Otake K. Kumagai Y. Yanagisawa 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2003,37(39-40):5495
Phthalate esters are used as plasticizer in many plastics, and several studies have shown their toxicity. Phthalate esters are gradually emitted over time, and so it is conceivable that they pose a significant health risk. This study aims to investigate the temperature dependence of the emissions of various phthalate esters and to estimate the health risks of these emissions at various temperatures. A passive-type sampler was developed to measure the flux of phthalate esters from the surface of plastic materials. With this sampler, we examined three widely used plastic materials: synthetic leather, wallpaper and vinyl flooring. The observed maximum emissions of diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from these materials at 20°C were 0.89, 0.77, and 14 μg m−2 h−1, respectively. Emissions at 80°C were 2.8, 4.5×102, and 1.5×103 μg m−2 h−1, respectively. The results showed this temperature dependence is determined primarily by the type of phthalate ester and less so by the type of material. The estimation from the results of temperature dependence indicated the concentration of DEHP in a vehicle left out in the sunshine during the day can exceed the recommended levels of Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 相似文献
8.
Shinohara N Kumagai K Yamamoto N Yanagisawa Y Fujii M Yamasaki A 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2004,54(4):419-424
A carbonyl sampler originally designed for the active sampling method (Sep-Pak XPoSure) was used for long-term passive sampling, and its applicability as a passive sampler was examined through field experiments. The uptake rates of passive sampling were determined experimentally from collocated passive and active samplings for various sampling periods. The obtained uptake rates of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were 1.48, 1.23, and 1.08 mL/min, respectively. These uptake rates were consistent for a wide range of the sampling term (12 hr-2 weeks). Uptake rates of each carbonyl were proportional to the diffusion coefficients of each. Therefore, the ratios of diffusion coefficients were used to calculate the uptake rates of carbonyls for which the rates were not determined experimentally. Lower limits of determination were 2.16-17.5 microg/m3 for 2-week sampling. It was confirmed that 2-week monitoring of carbonyl concentrations up to 118-229 microg/m3 was possible. Relative standard deviations of the passive method generated from the repeatability test were 2-12.3% error for five samplings, and the recovery efficiencies were larger than 90%. Thus, the passive sampler was found to be highly suitable for long-term monitoring of carbonyl compounds. 相似文献
9.
10.
Evaluating long-term urban resilience through an examination of the history of green spaces in Tokyo
Long-term urban resilience requires urban systems with the capacity to respond to change and disturbance and to enhance the conditions for lasting wellbeing. Over the past century Tokyo has demonstrated impressive resilience, especially a capacity to reorganise and rebuild in response to successive major disturbances. Throughout these recoveries, the city-region maintained a focus on re-establishing, improving and maintaining international competitiveness through industrial development. Green spaces in Tokyo provided a flexible, but gradually disappearing resource. Today, to meet the needs of its ageing and minimally expanding population for enhanced wellbeing, Tokyo requires active transition planning covering many intertwined factors, but the adaptive capacity provided by the green space resource is no longer available. The Tokyo case underscores the risk inherent in the depletion of non-renewable resources (in this instance, green space) to secure immediate recovery and accommodate growth and short-term resilience at the expense of long-term resilience. 相似文献