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研究了臭氧氧化对城市污水二级处理出水中15种典型药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)的去除效果及O3分子氧化和·OH自由基氧化的贡献.结果表明,PPCPs的臭氧氧化去除效果与其亲核官能结构特性相关,芳香胺结构为主的PPCPs易降解,烷基胺结构为主的PPCPs可部分降解,亲核特性较弱的双键为主的PPCPs难降解;在臭氧投加量为5.5 mg·L-1条件下,这3类PPCPs的去除率为分别为大于95%、57%~68%和39%~57%.臭氧氧化过程中,O3分子氧化和·OH自由基氧化均起重要作用.易降解PPCPs的氧化机制以O3分子氧化为主,贡献率为82%~91%;可降解和难降解PPCPs的氧化机制以·OH自由基氧化为主,贡献率分别为48%~71%和66%~94%.二级出水中臭氧氧化过程中,UVA254去除率可呈单线性或分段线性指示PPCPs的去除效率. 相似文献
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KATHARINE R. E. SIMS JENNIFER M. ALIX‐GARCIA ELIZABETH SHAPIRO‐GARZA LEAH R. FINE VOLKER C. RADELOFF GLEN ARONSON SELENE CASTILLO CARLOS RAMIREZ‐REYES PATRICIA YAÑEZ‐PAGANS 《Conservation biology》2014,28(5):1151-1159
Natural resource managers are often expected to achieve both environmental protection and economic development even when there are fundamental trade‐offs between these goals. Adaptive management provides a theoretical structure for program administrators to balance social priorities in the presence of trade‐offs and to improve conservation targeting. We used the case of Mexico's federal Payments for Hydrological Services program (PSAH) to illustrate the importance of adaptive management for improving program targeting. We documented adaptive elements of PSAH and corresponding changes in program eligibility and selection criteria. To evaluate whether these changes resulted in enrollment of lands of high environmental and social priority, we compared the environmental and social characteristics of the areas enrolled in the program with the characteristics of all forested areas in Mexico, all areas eligible for the program, and all areas submitted for application to the program. The program successfully enrolled areas of both high ecological and social priority, and over time, adaptive changes in the program's criteria for eligibility and selection led to increased enrollment of land scoring high on both dimensions. Three factors facilitated adaptive management in Mexico and are likely to be generally important for conservation managers: a supportive political environment, including financial backing and encouragement to experiment from the federal government; availability of relatively good social and environmental data; and active participation in the review process by stakeholders and outside evaluators. Mejorando los Objetivos Ambiental y Social Mediante el Manejo Adaptativo en el Programa de Pagos por Servicios Hidrológicos en México 相似文献
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Araki A Tsuboi T Kawai T Bamai YA Takeda T Yoshioka E Kishi R 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(2):368-374
Exposure to various chemicals can cause adverse effects to health, such as asthma and allergies, especially in children. Data on personal exposure levels in children are scarce, thus small lightweight diffusive mini-samplers for aldehydes and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were designed to measure the exposure level of children to these chemicals. The aim of the study was to validate and examine the applicability of these mini-samplers for measuring daily chemical exposure. The diffusive mini-samplers are 20 mm in length, 11 mm in diameter, and 1.67 g in weight. The devices are cylindrically shaped with polytetrafluoroethylene membrane filters placed at each end. To measure aldehydes and acetone, 20 mg of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was used as an absorbent. To measure VOCs, a carbon molecular sieve was used. The sampling rate for each chemical was determined by parallel sampling with active samplers in a closed exposure bag. The blank levels of the chemicals and the storage stability of the device were tested. The mini-samplers were compared to commercially available diffusive samplers. To examine the applicability of the samplers, 65 elementary school children carried them for 24 h. The sampling rates for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were 20.9, 22.9, and 19.7 mL min(-1), respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for the 24-hour sampling by high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet (HPLC/UV) analysis were 8.3, 7.6, and 8.8 μg m(-3) for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone, respectively. The sampling rates for the 11 VOCs were determined and ranged from 3.3 mL min(-1) for styrene and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol to 11.7 mL min(-1) for benzene. The LOQ for the 24-hour sampling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis ranged from 5.9-105.2 μg m(-3), 1.1-24.7 parts per billion. The storage stability after 5 days ranged from 94.8 to 118.2%. Formaldehyde, acetone, benzene, and toluene were detected above the LOQ in more than 90% of the children, and the median concentrations were 21.7, 20.9, 10.1, and 21.5 μg m(-3), respectively. This study shows that the diffusive samplers developed were suitable for children to carry and were capable of measuring the children's daily chemical exposure. 相似文献
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Gönüllü MT Avşar Y Bayhan H Sakar S Arslankaya E Apaydin O Kurt U 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,109(1-3):57-64
The shores of the Golden Horn—once most important seaport of the region—represented throughout history a romantic and recreational
venue. This tributary to the Bosphorus, however, became seriously polluted with the extensive industrialization and rapid
population growth in Istanbul over the past century. Two main tributaries, the Alibeykoy and the Kagithane, dumped both liquid
and solid waste from residential areas and industry (small and large-scale) into the Golden Horn. As a result of this pollution,
the landward three to four kilometers of the estuary became swamped with sediment. The dominance of anaerobic activity resulted
in a highly unpleasant smell, and the shallow depth as one progressed up the bay restricted navigation. In early 1997 The
Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality began a dredging operation and gradually diverted all domestic and industrial wastewater
discharge from the Golden Horn. Since then there have been remarkable improvements in water quality.
This paper presents the state of eutrophication through the water body of the Golden Horn; parameters such as DO, TKN, NH3-N, NO3-N, the total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved phosphorus (PO4-P), phytoplankton and chlorophyll-a have been were analyzed in samples of water taken from various points in the Golden Horn. The presence of DO and the phytoplankton,
both indicators of primary productivity in an aquatic body, has been evaluated in relation to former conditions. 相似文献
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