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Ronal Gainza-Carmenates J. Carlos Altamirano-Cabrera Philippe Thalmann Laurent Drouet 《Environmental Science & Policy》2010,13(1):63-71
Quantitative assessments help to highlight the main features of climate policies by better identifying their strengths and weaknesses. In this study, we develop a grading system for assessing thirteen proposals for post-2012 climate policy. We believe that these proposals contain appropriate policy instruments which will be considered for discussions about how to design the post-2012 climate agreement. Our grades are based on four criteria: environmental effectiveness, cost effectiveness, distributional considerations and institutional feasibility. We analyze the grades with two complementary methods: principal component and cluster analysis. Our results entail three policy implications. Firstly, the higher the number of policy instruments a proposal comprises, the more difficult might be its implementation. Secondly, proposals which include a meaningful effort by the U.S. tend to fail in environmental effectiveness and institutional feasibility. Thirdly, we identify that the “first best” and the “second best” approaches belong to a stable policy group, and both may be considered as suitable candidates for post-2012 climate policy. 相似文献
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An experimental study on the formation and transport of ozone in ambient air was performed in Tenerife (Canary Islands) in order to investigate the processes affecting ozone levels and air quality. The special features of Tenerife (prevalence of the trade wind pattern (NE), orography and the specific location of the local ozone sources) permit to quantify the role of the ‘long-range transport from northern latitudes' versus the ‘formation and transport of ozone downwind of the main urban areas' of Tenerife. Levels of O3, NO2 and OX were monitored in different types of environments to achieve this purpose. The results showed that: (1) upwind of the urban areas ozone is mainly transported from the ocean by trade winds, (2) local ozone titration (by NO) and ozone replenishment from the ocean are the main causes of ozone variations in urban and suburban areas, and (3) photochemical ozone production occurs downwind of the urban areas. Photochemical production causes daylight O3 and OX levels downwind of urban areas to be frequently (60% and 35% days/year, respectively) higher than upwind of the urban sites (O3 and OX excess frequently in the range 5–20 ppbv). Due to the above processes, different daily ozone cycles occur in short distances (<30 km), with maximum O3 levels during daylight or night depending on the site. Ozone phytotoxicity was assessed by calculating the AOT40 index upwind and downwind of the main urban areas. The critical value for the 5-day-AOT40 index was simultaneously exceeded at the two sites (few times/year) during long-range transport events. During the additional exceedances of the critical value downwind of the urban area, relatively high 5-day-AOT40 values were recorded upwind of the urban site. Thus, long-range transport from northern latitudes may produce relatively high 5-days-AOT40 levels in the oceanic boundary layer. These results are important for the protection of the large number of endemic plants in the Canaries. The conceptual model discussed in this study may be qualitatively applied to other islands which possess features similar to those of Tenerife. 相似文献
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Deyme R Bouloubassi I Taphanel-Valt MH Miquel JC Lorre A Marty JC Méjanelle L 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(12):3681-3691
Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon fluxes were measured in time series sediment trap samples at 200 m and at 1000 m depths in the open Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, from December 2000 to July 2002. Averaged fluxes of n-alkanes, UCM and T-PAH35 were 2.96 ± 2.60 μg m−2 d−1, 64 ± 60 μg m−2 d−1 and 0.68 ± 0.59 μg m−2 d−1, respectively. Molecular compositions of both hydrocarbon classes showed a contamination in petrogenic hydrocarbons well above the background levels of such an open site, whereas pyrolytic hydrocarbons stand in the range of other open Mediterranean locations. Fluxes displayed ample interannual and seasonal variabilities, mainly related to mass flux variation while concentration evolutions trigger secondary changes in pollutant fluxes. High lithogenic flux events exported particles with a larger pollutant load than biogenic particles formed during the spring bloom and during the summer. Sinking hydrocarbons were efficiently transported from 200 m to 1000 m. 相似文献
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Resolving CO2 and methane hydrate formation kinetics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Michael Golombok Erik Ineke Juan-Carlos Rojas Luzardo Yuan Yuan He Pacelli Zitha 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2009,7(4):325-330
We analyse the kinetics of CO2 and methane hydrate formation. The characteristic formation times are associated with different steps of the formation process.
Conditions for minimising these rate times are identified while maintaining a regime where CO2 hydrate is formed and methane remains predominantly gaseous. This involves a rapid pressurisation routine and accesses points
well above the phase boundary in order to enable faster kinetics. Conditions for optimising rates and times, to obtain maximum
CO2 uptake with respect to CH4, were identified as (1) stirring faster than 1,000 rpm, (2) rapid pressurisation to a partial pressure of around 50 bar for
CO2 and (3) re-use of contaminated as opposed to fresh water. 相似文献
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Diana Lupulovic Sava Lazic Jasna Prodanov-Radulovic Nereida Jiménez de Oya Estela Escribano-Romero Juan-Carlos Saiz Tamas Petrovic 《Food and environmental virology》2010,2(2):110-113
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 infections in pigs and humans have been lately reported in Europe. In the present study,
the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies in swine was investigated, for the first time, in Serbia by means of an ELISA based
on a recombinant open reading frame 2 protein of HEV genotype 3. A total of 315 serum samples from 3 to 4 months-old healthy
backyard pigs, collected in 63 herds from 28 towns and villages of 4 different districts of the Vojvodina province, in the
northern part of Serbia, were tested. A 34.6% (109/315) of the sera tested were positive. The prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies
varied widely between municipalities (range 16.7–75.0%) and herds (range 0–100%). These data indicate that HEV infection is
widespread in Serbian backyard pigs. 相似文献
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Nereida Jiménez de Oya Inmaculada Galindo Estela Escribano-Romero Ana-Belén Blázquez Julio Alonso-Padilla Nabil Halaihel José M. Escribano Juan-Carlos Saiz 《Food and environmental virology》2009,1(2):77-84
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a fecal-orally transmitted virus that is endemic in many geographical areas with poor sanitary
conditions and inadequate water supplies. In Europe, a low-endemic area, an increased number of autochthonous sporadic human
cases of patients infected with HEV strains of genotype 3, have been reported lately. The relatively high prevalence of HEV
genotype 3 infections in European pigs has raised concerns about a potential zoonotic transmission to humans. Determination
of HEV seroprevalence in pigs would help to clarify its incidence and possible zoonotic implications. To this purpose, we
have expressed and partially characterized swine genotype 3 HEV open reading frame-2 proteins upon infection of Sf21 insect
cells with recombinant baculoviruses. The use of the expressed proteins as diagnostic antigens for the detection of antibodies
to HEV has been further assayed with human and swine sera. 相似文献
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André Sceia Juan-Carlos Altamirano-Cabrera Laurent Drouet Thorsten F. Schulz Marc Vielle 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2012,17(3):193-207
The residential sector presents a great potential for greenhouse gases (GHG) mitigation. We perform an integrated assessment
of different mitigation policies for Switzerland focusing on the residential sector. We analyze the case of pure incentive
taxes and technical regulations. For our analysis, we have coupled a general equilibrium model with a Swiss residential energy
model. We find that a progressive GHG tax of more than 200 USD2000/tCO2 eq is necessary to reach a target of 50% reduction of GHG emissions in 2050. Finally, we also find that efficiency-based
technical regulations provide limited additional abatement incentives. 相似文献
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Teresa Merino-Ramos Miguel A. Martín-Acebes Jordi Casal Juan-Carlos Saiz Elizabeth Loza-Rubio 《Food and environmental virology》2016,8(2):156-159
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of Hepatitis E, an enterically transmitted disease. HEV infections in pigs and humans have been reported worldwide, but data from Mexico are scarce. In the present study, the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies was investigated in a quite large number of swine from Mexico by means of an ELISA based on a recombinant open reading frame 2 protein of HEV genotype 3. Serum samples from 683 healthy pigs (1–48 months old), collected during 2010–2013 in 109 herds from 48 municipalities located in 9 states in the centre of the country were assayed. A 30.75 % (210/683) of the sera tested were positive, and they were distributed along all the states included in the study. The prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies varied widely between municipalities and herds, and it was higher in pigs 4–6 months of age. No relationships were detected between seroprevalences and farm characteristics. Forty individual faecal samples were analysed by RT-PCR and all resulted negative. These data indicate that HEV infection is widespread in Mexican pigs; thus, representing a potential zoonotic risk for humans. 相似文献
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