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1.
重庆三峡库区主要生态环境问题与对策 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
三峡水电站建成后,制约重庆经济可持续发展的关系是生态环境问题,包括三峡库区的水体污染,水土流失与泥沙问题,灾害性地质环境问题,建议建立三峡库区生态环境委员会,实行在市长领导下的环境保护行政领导责任制依法治库,加强生态环境意识教育,建立生态环境保护基金等。 相似文献
2.
论可持续发展与城市发展战略 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:11
分析了传统发展观和发展模式存在的局限性和严重缺陷,介绍了可持续发展战略的形成过程,核心思想和基本内涵,以及对未来世界发展的重大影响力。以上海城市发展为对象,提出了建设国际大都市中应当特别重视解决城市规划、产业结构调整、大力发展第三产业、推行工业清洁生产。改善城市能源结构和优先发展城市环境建设等方面重大问题和所应采取的对策措施。 相似文献
3.
Human adaptation to climate change: a review of three historical cases and some general perspectives
To study mitigation and adaptation to climate change, social scientists have drawn on different approaches, particularly sociological approaches to the future and comparative history of past societies. These two approaches frame the social and temporal boundaries of decision-making collectivities in different ways. A consideration of the responses to climate variability in three historical cases, the Classic Maya of Mexico and Central America, the Viking settlements in Greenland, and the US Dust Bowl, shows the value of integrating these two approaches. 相似文献
4.
How can public engagement assist in the development of just processes and outcomes in adaptation discourse and policymaking? A concern with justice is at the center of thinking about adaptation that is not only resilient, but also public, engaging, and transformative. Theoretically, the intersection of adaptation, transformation, and environmental and climate justice is examined, before exploring the specific concerns and normative foundations for adaptation policy articulated by local governments, environmental groups, and local residents engaged in adaptation planning in Australia. Despite a discursive disconnect between governmental focus on a risk or resilience-based approach and a community concern with the vulnerability of basic needs and capabilities of everyday life, deliberative engagement in adaptation planning can both address issues of justice and represent a transformative practice. 相似文献
5.
This paper evaluates the relative effectiveness of FEMA expenditures on hurricane induced property losses. We find that spending on FEMA ex-ante mitigation and planning projects leads to greater reductions in property losses than spending on ex-post adaptation programs – specifically, a one percent increase in annual spending on ex-ante risk reduction and warning projects reduces damages by 0.21 percent while a one percent increase in ex-post recovery and clean-up spending reduces damages by 0.12. Although both types of program spending are effective, we find the marginal return from spending on programs that target long-term mitigation and risk management to be almost twice that of spending on ex-post recovery programs. With the predicted increases in the frequency and severity of North Atlantic hurricanes in the future, our findings suggest there are important potential gains that could be realized from the further diversification of FEMA spending across project categories. 相似文献
6.
There are two principal strategies for managing climate change risks: mitigation and adaptation. Until recently, mitigation
and adaptation have been considered separately in both climate change science and policy. Mitigation has been treated as an
issue for developed countries, which hold the greatest responsibility for climate change, while adaptation is seen as a priority
for the South, where mitigative capacity is low and vulnerability is high. This conceptual divide has hindered progress against
the achievement of the fundamental sustainable development challenges of climate change. Recent attention to exploring the
synergies between mitigation and adaptation suggests that an integrated approach could go some way to bridging the gap between
the development and adaptation priorities of the South and the need to achieve global engagement in mitigation. These issues
are explored through a case study analysis of climate change policy and practice in Bangladesh. Using the example of waste-to-compost
projects, a mitigation-adaptation-development nexus is demonstrated, as projects contribute to mitigation through reducing
methane emissions; adaptation through soil improvement in drought-prone areas; and sustainable development, because poverty
is exacerbated when climate change reduces the flows of ecosystem services. Further, linking adaptation to mitigation makes
mitigation action more relevant to policymakers in Bangladesh, increasing engagement in the international climate change agenda
in preparation for a post-Kyoto global strategy. This case study strengthens the argument that while combining mitigation
and adaptation is not a magic bullet for climate policy, synergies, particularly at the project level, can contribute to the
sustainable development goals of climate change and are worth exploring. 相似文献
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Integrated strategies to reduce vulnerability and advance adaptation,mitigation, and sustainable development 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
Indur M. Goklany 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):755-786
Determinants of adaptive and mitigative capacities (e.g., availability of technological options, and access to economic resources,
social capital and human capital) largely overlap. Several factors underlying or related to these determinants are themselves
indicators of sustainable development (e.g., per capita income; and various public health, education and research indices).
Moreover, climate change could exacerbate existing climate-sensitive hurdles to sustainable development (e.g., hunger, malaria,
water shortage, coastal flooding and threats to biodiversity) faced specifically by many developing countries. Based on these
commonalities, the paper identifies integrated approaches to formulating strategies and measures to concurrently advance adaptation,
mitigation and sustainable development. These approaches range from broadly moving sustainable development forward (by developing
and/or nurturing institutions, policies and infrastructure to stimulate economic development, technological change, human
and social capital, and reducing specific barriers to sustainable development) to reducing vulnerabilities to urgent climate-sensitive
risks that hinder sustainable development and would worsen with climate change. The resulting sustainable economic development
would also help reduce birth rates, which could mitigate climate change and reduce the population exposed to climate change
and climate-sensitive risks, thereby reducing impacts, and the demand for adaptation. The paper also offers a portfolio of
pro-active strategies and measures consistent with the above approaches, including example measures that would simultaneously
reduce pressures on biodiversity, hunger, and carbon sinks. Finally it addresses some common misconceptions that could hamper
fuller integration of adaptation and mitigation, including the notions that adaptation may be unsuitable for natural systems,
and mitigation should necessarily have primacy over adaptation.
相似文献
Indur M. GoklanyEmail: |
10.
The double trade-off between adaptation and mitigation for sea level rise: an application of FUND 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
Richard S. J. Tol 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):741-753
This paper studies the effects of adaptation and mitigation on the impacts of sea level rise. Without adaptation, the impact
of sea level rise would be substantial, almost wiping out entire countries by 2100, although the globally aggregate effect
is much smaller. Adaptation would reduce potential impacts by a factor 10–100. Adaptation would come at a minor cost compared
to the damage avoided. As adaptation depends on socio-economic status, the rank order of most vulnerable countries is different
than the rank order of most exposed countries. Because the momentum of sea level rise is so large, mitigation can reduce impacts
only to a limited extent. Stabilising carbon dioxide concentrations at 550 ppm would cut impacts in 2100 by about 10%. However,
the costs of emission reduction lower the avoided impacts by up to 25% (average 10%). This is partly due to the reduced availability
of resources for adaptation, and partly due to the increased sensitivity to wetland loss by adaptation.
相似文献
Richard S. J. TolEmail: |