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1.
Dölarslan ES 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(1):25-35
This paper reviews the effects of six post-modern management concepts as applied to Turkish forestry. Up to now, Turkish forestry has been constrained, both in terms of its operations and internal organization, by a highly bureaucratic system. The application of new thinking in forestry management, however, has recently resulted in new organizational and production concepts that promise to address problems specific to this Turkish industry and bring about positive changes. This paper will elucidate these specific issues and demonstrate how post-modern management thinking is influencing the administration and operational capacity of Turkish forestry within its current structure. 相似文献
2.
Kennett SA 《Environmental management》2002,30(5):0595-0608
Biosphere greenhouse gas (GHG) management consists of preserving and enhancing terrestrial carbon pools and producing biomass
as a fossil fuel substitute. The discussion of this topic has focused primarily on carbon-accounting and project-level issues,
particularly relating to carbon sequestration as a source of emissions credits under the Kyoto Protocol. While international
consensus on these matters is needed, this paper argues that an important domestic policy agenda also deserves attention.
National policies for biosphere GHG management are necessary to bring about large-scale changes in land-use, forestry, and
agricultural practices and can address some of the technical and policy issues that have proven to be particularly problematic
from carbon-accounting and project-level perspectives. These policies should minimize land-use and resource-management conflicts,
account for collateral benefits, and ensure institutional compatibility with existing resource-management regimes. Issues
relating to project permanence, leakage, and transaction costs should also be addressed. A range of policy instruments should
be used and biosphere GHG management should be one component of an integrated approach to environmental and resource management.
Countries promoting biosphere GHG management as an important element of their climate change strategies should be developing
these domestic policies to complement international negotiations and to demonstrate that carbon sequestration and biomass
production can make an effective contribution to the stabilization of atmospheric GHG concentrations. 相似文献
3.
We use spatial data representing transportation networks, elevation, stand height, and recreation use to construct and compare
models of recreation use patterns and visibility in a forest. The recreation use pattern model depicts use frequencies along
travel corridors. The visibility model quantifies visibility for all forest areas. We find that the models provide different
but complementary types of information. Forest managers who are involved in scheduling harvest operations and want to address
the visual concerns of forest visitors may benefit most from the visibility model. Managers who wish to know more about travel
patterns or to reroute forest visitors affected by operations may benefit from the use pattern model. A combination of the
two models has the highest potential for providing planning assistance in multiple-use forests. Both models may be able to
enhance visual resource management (VRM) systems already in use by providing spatially explicit recreation use and visibility
data. 相似文献
4.
Erhun Kula 《Resources Policy》1986,12(4)
In this paper a rate of return analysis is carried out on public forestry in Northern Ireland. Analysis is based on the results obtained in two very different locations: a 100-hectare acquisition in the western part of the province where the quality of land is generally poor and a 10-hectare plantation in the east where soil and other conditions are reasonably good. The species in question is Sitka spruce, an evergreen variety which is planted for commercial purposes throughout the UK. Rate of return figures obtained here indicate that even with narrow commercial considerations, forestry in Northern Ireland is a sound venture and should expand rapidly to moderate the timber deficiency which exists in the province as well as in the UK and the EEC. 相似文献
5.
Maintenance of Forest Biodiversity in a Post-Soviet Governance Model: Perceptions by Local Actors in Lithuania 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Successful biodiversity conservation does not depend on ecologic knowledge alone. Good conservation policies and policy implementation
tools are equally important. Moreover, the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of local actors, directly in charge of operations
in the field, are a key to successful policy implementation. The connections between policy objectives and their implementation
as well as the involvement of local actors’ efforts in implementing policy objectives largely depend on the governance model
in use. This article assesses the knowledge of local actors in relation to the biodiversity conservation objectives and tools
in Lithuanian forest management. As a main framework for this study, the needs assessment approach was applied. The study
used both in-depth open-ended interviews and follow-up telephone interviews. Two state forest enterprises in Lithuania were
selected as the study sites. The findings indicate that policy objectives in the field of forest biodiversity conservation
and the related tools are well known but not well understood by those in charge of forest biodiversity policy implementation.
To improve the situation, a transition toward adaptive learning and participatory governance as a means of facilitating conservation
efforts is proposed. 相似文献
6.
Sonja Vermeulen Ani Adiwinata Nawir James Mayers 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(1):1-18
At the Earth Summit in Johannesburg in 2002, partnerships were touted as one of the key routes to sustainable development. But can partnerships really deliver improvements to rural livelihoods? This paper reviews one set of claimed partnerships, those between forestry companies and local individuals or communities, to assess the benefits, and the costs, to local livelihoods. Most arrangements between forestry companies and local communities are not equitable enough to be called partnerships, so the term “deal” is preferred. Positive local impacts of company–community deals include sharing of risks, better returns to land than otherwise possible, opportunities for income diversification, access to paid employment, development of new skills, upgrading of local infrastructure and environmental improvement. However, company–community deals have not yet proved sufficient to lift people out of poverty. They remain supplementary rather than central to income generation. Furthermore, while some deals have resulted in greater cohesion and organisation among community groups, there is as yet little evidence of substantial increases in community bargaining power. Ways forward to increase returns to communities (and to their counterpart companies) centre on moving towards more equal partnerships, by raising community bargaining power, fostering the roles of brokers and other third parties, and developing equitable, efficient and accountable governance frameworks. 相似文献
7.
Costa Rican Environmental Service Payments: The Use of a Financial Instrument in Participatory Forest Management 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The core element of the Costa Rican forestry policy is a financial instrument called the environmental service payment. This
instrument rewards forest owners for the environmental services (the mitigation of greenhouse gases, the protection of watersheds
and scenic beauty, and the development of biodiversity) their forests provide. In this article, the experiences with this
new instrument are analyzed by focusing on the way interests are represented and access is granted, the openness of information
exchange, whether social learning occurred, and whether decision-making authority is shared. The analysis is based on a survey
conducted in the Huetar Norte Region and on in-depth interviews with the major stakeholders. The Costa Rican case indicates
that financial instruments can be used to share responsibilities and that stakeholders can successfully cooperate on forest
issues. It also shows that such a participatory approach is only promising if certain cultural, economic, organizational,
and political conditions are met. 相似文献
8.
The method of anthropoecological landscape stability (AELS) has been applied experimentally to a territorial unit, forming
a closed watershed with more of less precisely defined material, energy, and population flows. This article presents data-driven
results of monitoring and conclusions on optimizing features derived from two object-oriented expert systems—the FORELIS,
giving heuristically optimal conditions for forest compositions on the site in the prevailing immission situation, and AGRILIS—the
agricultural expert system having the scope of finding suitable forms of agriculture with respect to natural conditions and
suitable actual production facilities. The results of the study fully confirmed the feasibility of applying expert systems
to actual conditions, and no significant errors in the results of the expert systems compared to indications by monitoring
have been disclosed. 相似文献
9.
Anna Maria J?nsson Olle Anderbrant Jennie Holmér Jacob Johansson Guy Schurgers Glenn P. Svensson Henrik G. Smith 《Ambio》2015,44(3):249-255
In recent years, climate impact assessments of relevance to the agricultural and forestry sectors have received considerable attention. Current ecosystem models commonly capture the effect of a warmer climate on biomass production, but they rarely sufficiently capture potential losses caused by pests, pathogens and extreme weather events. In addition, alternative management regimes may not be integrated in the models. A way to improve the quality of climate impact assessments is to increase the science–stakeholder collaboration, and in a two-way dialog link empirical experience and impact modelling with policy and strategies for sustainable management. In this paper we give a brief overview of different ecosystem modelling methods, discuss how to include ecological and management aspects, and highlight the importance of science–stakeholder communication. By this, we hope to stimulate a discussion among the science–stakeholder communities on how to quantify the potential for climate change adaptation by improving the realism in the models. 相似文献
10.
Baselines for land-use change in the tropics: application to avoided deforestation projects 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Sandra Brown Myrna Hall Ken Andrasko Fernando Ruiz Walter Marzoli Gabriela Guerrero Omar Masera Aaron Dushku Ben DeJong Joseph Cornell 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(6):1001-1026
Although forest conservation activities, particularly in the tropics, offer significant potential for mitigating carbon (C)
emissions, these types of activities have faced obstacles in the policy arena caused by the difficulty in determining key
elements of the project cycle, particularly the baseline. A baseline for forest conservation has two main components: the
projected land-use change and the corresponding carbon stocks in applicable pools in vegetation and soil, with land-use change
being the most difficult to address analytically. In this paper we focus on developing and comparing three models, ranging
from relatively simple extrapolations of past trends in land use based on simple drivers such as population growth to more
complex extrapolations of past trends using spatially explicit models of land-use change driven by biophysical and socioeconomic
factors. The three models used for making baseline projections of tropical deforestation at the regional scale are: the Forest
Area Change (FAC) model, the Land Use and Carbon Sequestration (LUCS) model, and the Geographical Modeling (GEOMOD) model.
The models were used to project deforestation in six tropical regions that featured different ecological and socioeconomic
conditions, population dynamics, and uses of the land: (1) northern Belize; (2) Santa Cruz State, Bolivia; (3) Paraná State,
Brazil; (4) Campeche, Mexico; (5) Chiapas, Mexico; and (6) Michoacán, Mexico.
A comparison of all model outputs across all six regions shows that each model produced quite different deforestation baselines.
In general, the simplest FAC model, applied at the national administrative-unit scale, projected the highest amount of forest
loss (four out of six regions) and the LUCS model the least amount of loss (four out of five regions). Based on simulations
of GEOMOD, we found that readily observable physical and biological factors as well as distance to areas of past disturbance
were each about twice as important as either sociological/demographic or economic/infrastructure factors (less observable)
in explaining empirical land-use patterns.
We propose from the lessons learned, a methodology comprised of three main steps and six tasks can be used to begin developing
credible baselines. We also propose that the baselines be projected over a 10-year period because, although projections beyond
10 years are feasible, they are likely to be unrealistic for policy purposes. In the first step, an historic land-use change
and deforestation estimate is made by determining the analytic domain (size of the region relative to the size of proposed
project), obtaining historic data, analyzing candidate baseline drivers, and identifying three to four major drivers. In the
second step, a baseline of where deforestation is likely to occur–a potential land-use change (PLUC) map—is produced using
a spatial model such as GEOMOD that uses the key drivers from step one. Then rates of deforestation are projected over a 10-year
baseline period based on one of the three models. Using the PLUC maps, projected rates of deforestation, and carbon stock
estimates, baseline projections are developed that can be used for project GHG accounting and crediting purposes: The final
step proposes that, at agreed interval (e.g., about 10 years), the baseline assumptions about baseline drivers be re-assessed.
This step reviews the viability of the 10-year baseline in light of changes in one or more key baseline drivers (e.g., new
roads, new communities, new protected area, etc.). The potential land-use change map and estimates of rates of deforestation
could be re-done at the agreed interval, allowing the deforestation rates and changes in spatial drivers to be incorporated
into a defense of the existing baseline, or the derivation of a new baseline projection. 相似文献