温度对生物强化除磷工艺反硝化除磷效果的影响

以处理城市污水的中试规模生物强化除磷A2/O活性污泥工艺系统为研究对象,考察了温度对系统COD去除和脱氮除磷效果的影响,特别是温度对活性污泥反硝化除磷性能的影响.结果表明,当温度从(30.9±0.8)℃降低到(9.1±0.6)℃时,A2/O系统的脱氮除磷效果显著下降,系统对TN和TP的污泥去除负荷明显下降.通过污泥反硝化除磷活性实验发现,随着温度的降低,系统中活性污泥的最大厌氧释磷速率、最大好氧吸磷速率和最大缺氧吸磷速率都降低.活性污泥中反硝化除磷菌(DPB)占聚磷菌(PAOs)总量的比例随温度降低稍有下降,但平均值仍维持在47.5％左右.用阿伦尼乌斯公式对实验结果进行拟合,得到系统中活性污泥聚磷菌厌氧释磷反应活化能Ea1为148.0 kJ· mol-1,聚磷菌好氧吸磷反应活化能Ea2为228.8 kJ·mol-1,发生在缺氧条件下反硝化除磷菌的吸磷反应活化能Ea3为315.8 kJ·mol-1.对不同温度下污泥絮体粒径分析结果表明,随温度降低,粒径分布更加集中,系统中活性污泥絮体颗粒平均粒径减小,不利于污泥絮体内部反硝化除磷缺氧微环境的形成.     

微生物聚磷及其酶学调控

本文论述了微生物细胞内磷酸盐转运机制和与聚磷相关的酶—PPK、PPX及两者对微生物聚磷行为的调控,并对今后研究重点做出展望.论文认为对于微生物聚磷的研究应从纯种微生物转移到强化生物除磷系统的混合微生物菌群,运用分子生物学和生物信息学手段分析聚磷优势菌种的PPK和PPX酶的结构特征及其在活性污泥中的变化规律,进一步深入认识生物除磷调控机理,开辟寻求提高系统除磷效率的新途径.     

聚磷生物膜的快速启动及微生物特性研究

在同步去除并富集磷的基础上,探究采用前期不排泥、后期排泥的挂膜方式对聚磷生物膜反应器的运行效能、微生物特征及群落结构的影响.结果表明,经过驯化运行,聚磷生物膜的蓄磷能力明显提升.在挂膜阶段,生物膜厚度及EPS含量出现一定程度的增长;PN/PS上升至3.12,PN/PS比值增加有利于微生物粘附在填料上.在好氧出水达标的情况下,富集液中磷酸盐浓度提升至89.5 mg·L~(-1),达到了鸟粪石回收标准.高通量测序结果表明,经过富集培养,微生物群落多样性呈下降趋势,群落组成变化明显.优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),其丰度从33.6%增长至75.3%;反应器中的聚磷菌属丰度明显增加,从11.8%上升至23.2%,红环菌属(Rhodocyclaceae)、UKL 13-1为反应器中的优势聚磷菌.     

污水的微生物除磷技术的研究

污水中含磷物质主要来源于人类活动的排泄物及废弃物、工业合成洗涤剂等。本文分析了应用微生物除磷的环境影响因子,并对这一技术在我国的应用前景做出展望。     

两级SBR工艺去除磷、氮及有机物效能分析

以模拟生活污水为处理对象,在常温条件下,采用对比试验与机制分析方法,研究了两级SBR工艺分级除磷、去除有机物及脱氮的特性,分析了工艺的效能优势.结果表明,通过控制泥龄(除磷级5~7 d,脱氮级约50 d),可以将异养的PAOs与硝化菌分别控制在2个反应器中优势生长,在出水水质更优的情况下,系统的处理效率可比单级SBR提高1倍以上;两级SBR系统可以有效地缓解有机负荷对硝化过程的冲击影响,在进水COD浓度较高的情况下,能够保持其脱氮级(SBS2)具有稳定的硝化速率,且系统的最终出水可以容易并稳定地达到TP≤0.5 mg.L-1的国家标准;另外,两级SBR的脱氮级(SBS2)除具有优势的硝化菌种外,还能培养出适合降解难降解有机物的异养菌,使其好氧硝化结束时COD浓度较单级SBR系统更低.     

聚磷菌在不同碳源下的反硝化研究

利用SBR系统对聚磷菌进行了培养,并通过荧光原位杂交手段检测了系统中聚磷菌Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis的富集程度.聚磷菌也是一种普通异养菌,为了研究它的反硝化能力,排除了聚磷菌的正常释磷和吸磷过程,仅考察在不同碳源下反硝化性能.结果表明,乙酸和PHB都能成为聚磷菌反硝化的电子供体.当以乙酸为外在单一碳源时,其反硝化速率和PHB生成速率与起始硝酸盐浓度无关,但是当起始状态硝酸盐浓度越高时,消耗单位乙酸生成的PHB和硝酸盐还原量越小.以PHB为内在碳源和能源时,聚磷菌的反硝化速率呈现对于基质(硝酸盐)的零级动力学反应,比反硝化速率为0.973 3mg/(g.h),此外PHB平均比消耗速率为(以PHB计)2.462 6 mg/(g.h).     

EBPR中两类细菌PAOs和GAOs竞争的研究进展

强化生物除磷(EBPR)工艺可以获取高效的除磷效果,已在很多污水处理厂得到广泛应用。但是大型污水处理厂在相当多的条件下,EBPR工艺也会出现周期性除磷效果的波动和不充分。针对这一难题,研究者试图采用许多手段来研究工艺中的主要微生物。文章针对典型的EBPR工艺和碳源、pH值、温度等因素对EBPR工艺中两类细菌聚磷菌(PAOs)和聚糖菌(GAOs)竞争的研究进展进行了论述,并展望了未来的研究方向。     

Preparation and performance of novel APP/NaY–Fe suppressant for coal dust explosion

Coal dust explosion occurs easily in the coal chemical industry. To ensure safety in industrial production, NaY zeolite was used as carrier modified with Fe ions and combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to prepare a novel composite suppressant for coal dust explosion. The explosion suppression performance of novel APP/NaY–Fe suppressant was investigated by flame propagation inhibition experiments. The results show that Fe ion modification can effectively improve the explosion suppression performance. By increasing content, the explosion suppression performance of the explosion suppressant increases. The maximum explosion pressure P_max of coal dust drops to 0.13 MPa when 50 wt% explosion suppressants were added, and the coal dust explosion cannot continue to expand. Complete suppression of explosion could be achieved by adding 66 wt% explosion suppressants. Combined with XRD, SEM and TG results, the explosion suppression mechanism was proposed. The novel explosion suppressant has high thermal stability, good dispersity and its explosion suppression components distribute uniformly. It shows good explosion suppression performance by the synergistic effect among explosion-suppression components.     

Simulation of long-term nutrient removal in a full-scale closed-loop bioreactor for sewage treatment: an example of Bayesian inference

In this study, the performance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a full-scale closed-loop bioreactor (oxidation ditch) system was simulated using the ASM2d model. Routine data describing the process for two years were compiled for calibration and validation. To overcome the identifiability problem, the classic Bayesian inference approach was utilized for parameter estimation. The calibrated model could describe the long-term trend of nutrient removal and short-term variations of the process performance, showing that the Bayesian method was a reliable and useful tool for the parameter estimation of the activated sludge models. The anoxic phosphate uptake by polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAO) contributed 71.2% of the total Poly-P storage, which reveals the dominance of denitrifying phosphorus removal process under the oxygen limiting conditions. It was found that 58.7% of the anoxic Poly-P storage and denitrification by PAO in the reactor was achieved in the aerated compartment, implying that the PAO’s anoxic activity was significantly stimulated by the low dissolved oxygen (DO) level in this compartment due to the oxygen gradient caused by brush aerator.     

固定化反硝化聚磷菌同步除磷脱氮实验研究

实验采用海藻酸钠和PVA添加膨润土包埋固定经富集驯化的以反硝化聚磷菌(DNPAOs)为主的活性污泥,利用体视显微镜和扫描电子显微镜考察了固定化小球的形态和表面结构,并对厌氧/好氧条件下,包埋小球除磷脱氮性能进行探讨,结果表明:固定化小球具有良好的强化生物除磷和较好的反硝化脱氮性能,体系的COD去除率平均达74.9%,平均除磷效率为95.3%,氨氮平均去除率达到95.2%左右。小球若长时间缺氧,在其内部会出现厌氧区,并产生厌氧放磷现象。