Deployment of parabolic trough concentrated solar power plants in North Africa – a case study for Libya

The study addresses the potential of using concentrated solar power plants (CSPs) as a sustainable alternative of clean energy generation in the Mediterranean region and, in particular, in its North Africa shore. This location presents attractive conditions for the installation of CSPs, in particular high solar irradiation, good manpower concentration, and proximity and availability of water resources for condenser cooling. Energetic, exergetic, and economic analyses were conducted taking into consideration a particular type of CSPs - the parabolic trough concentrated solar power plant, which incorporates the most proven technology and it is already used in Southern Europe (Spain). In addition, the study considered the impact of project financing and incentives on the cost of energy. The combination of higher values for performance and potentially lower levelized cost of electricity (LCE) for the North Africa Mediterranean Rim than the South of Spain region can yield a very favorable return for the invested capital. Tripoli compared to Almeria presented superior performance and potentially lower LCE values ($0.18/kWh versus $0.22/kWh). This is significant, even when it is taken into consideration the fact that the plant in Tripoli, despite a relatively modest capacity factor of 34%, has a large gross power output of 173,886 MWhe. In addition, the implementation at the Tripoli location of a plant similar to the Anadsol plant has a slight advantage (2–3%) in terms of overall efficiency.     

Fast,cheap, and imperfect? US public opinion about solar geoengineering

ABSTRACT

Solar geoengineering, which seeks to cool the planet by reflecting a small fraction of sunlight back into space, has drawn the attention of scientists and policymakers as climate change remains unabated. Unlike mitigation, solar geoengineering could quickly and cheaply lower global temperatures. It is also imperfect. Its environmental impacts remain unpredictable, and its low cost and immediate effects may result in ‘moral hazard,’ potentially crowding out costly mitigation efforts. There is little understanding about how the public will respond to such tradeoffs. To address this, a 1000-subject nationally representative poll focused on solar geoengineering was conducted as part of the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) of the US electorate in October–November 2016. The importance that individuals place on solar geoengineering’s speed and cost predicts their support for it, but there is little to no relationship between their concerns about its shortcomings and support for its research and use. Acquiescence bias appears to be an important factor for attitudes around solar geoengineering and moral hazard.     

辽东湾潜在褐潮生物时空分布及环境关联

以18S rDNA V4区作为目标基因,利用自行设计的真核浮游植物鉴定引物V4（F/R）,结合高通量测序技术,对辽东湾2014年四季海水中真核浮游植物多样性进行了检测.结果发现了8种潜在褐潮生物：抑食金球藻、金牛微球藻、微拟球藻、颗粒微拟球藻、细小微胞藻、密球藻、普通小球藻、钙质角毛藻,其中前2种生态风险较高,主要分布在辽东湾西南、东南两侧.除抑食金球藻和细小微胞藻为混合营养型外,其他6种均为自养型.细小微胞藻丰度最高（平均161445个/L）,主要分布在秋季;其次是抑食金球藻、金牛微球藻（平均13912,13717个/L）,主要分布在春季;之后为钙质角毛藻、普通小球藻（平均5498,5234个/L）,主要分布在秋季;密球藻（平均1345个/L）,主要分布在夏季;微拟球藻、颗粒微拟球藻最少（平均56,44个/L）,冬季无分布.辽东湾潜在褐潮生物丰度与水温、水深、无机氮、N/P显著相关,其群落结构演替与环境因子关联性有待于进一步研究.     

A pilot project to detect and forecast harmful algal blooms in the northern Gulf of Mexico

More timely access to data and information on the initiation, evolution and effects of harmful algal blooms can reduce adverse impacts on valued natural resources and human health. To achieve this in the northern Gulf of Mexico, a pilot project was initiated to develop a user-driven, end-to-end (measurements to applications) observing system. A key strategy of the project is to coordinate existing state, federal and academic programs at an unprecedented level of collaboration and partnership. Resource managers charged with protection of public health and aquatic resources require immediate notice of algal events and a forecast of when, where and what adverse effects will likely occur. Further, managers require integrated analyses and interpretations, rather than raw data, to make effective decisions. Consequently, a functional observing system must collect and transform diverse measurements into usable forecasts. Data needed to support development of forecasts will include such properties as sea surface temperature, winds, currents and waves; precipitation and freshwater flows with related discharges of sediment and nutrients; salinity, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll concentrations (in vivo fluorescence); and remotely-sensed spatial images of sea surface chlorophyll concentrations. These data will be provided via a mixture of discrete and autonomous in situ sensing with near real-time data telemetry, and remote sensing from space (SeaWiFS), aircraft (hyperspectral imagery) or land (high-frequency radar). With calibration across these platforms, the project will ultimately provide a 4-dimensional visualization of harmful algae events in a time frame suitable to resource managers.     

赤潮研究的现状与展望

赤潮已成为一种严重的海洋灾害 ,引起沿海国家和地区的重视 ,并成为研究的热点。文章从赤潮发生的机理、赤潮管理与减灾等方面论述了赤潮研究的现状 ,并提出今后研究的重点。     

透明度作为赤潮预警监测参数的初步研究

调查实验 数据显示，在一定条件下，透明度和浮游植物密度和种类之间有着一定的关系。浮游植物密度低时透明度高，浮游植物密度高时透明度低。认为可以尝试使用透明度作为赤潮预警监测或短期预报的参数。透明度值1.6m可以作为 赤潮预警的标准值进行试点。     

福建三都湾赤潮监控区的麻痹性贝毒和腹泻性贝毒研究

运用美国分析化学家协会(AOAC)推荐的小白鼠生物测定法，对三都湾赤潮监控区的经济贝类于2003年5月．10月进行每月1次的麻痹性贝毒(PSP)和腹泻性贝毒(DSP)含量检测。结果表明：在此期间均未检测出PSP；DSP于7、8、10月在紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)体内检出，其中10月检出DSP含量为10Mu／100g，超标。     

浙江北部海域的具齿原甲藻赤潮分析

对2003年5月浙江北部沿海海域的一次具齿原甲藻赤潮进行了调查分析,结果表明:细胞数106/L是具齿原甲藻发生赤潮的临界值,赤潮生物数量与DO、COD、叶绿素a、被囊类及水母有较好的正相关作用,与桡足类、箭虫类则呈相反的走势,具齿原甲藻赤潮的暴发及持续并不需要过高的营养条件,其连续、大规模的发生估计与海洋渔业资源及生态系统的变迁有着密切的联系。     

甲藻赤潮的海洋环境危害及其防治

有毒赤潮的“肇事者”通常是甲藻，它造成了巨大的环境危害，已成为全球性的环境问题，甲藻赤潮的毒害主要是人食用含有毒素的贝类或鱼类后引起中毒甚至死亡。本文就甲藻赤潮及其毒素所造成的环境公害进行了简明扼要的回顾，并对甲藻赤潮的预防与治理的国内外研究现状，尤其是对甲藻赤潮预防与治理中所采用的新技术、新方法作了比较的论述和分析。并对我国甲藻赤潮的研究方向与前景作了展望。     

探讨影响赤潮的物理因子及其预报

通过多年对广东沿海港湾赤潮发生机理的探讨 ,归纳出引发赤潮的主要物理因子 ,并深入研究潮汐变化与赤潮形成的关系。作者认为在沿海一些半封闭的海湾 ,在月赤纬偏小期间发生大潮易引发赤潮。大亚湾澳头水域 4～ 5月份大潮后多呈现不正规全日潮 ,易出现赤潮生物高峰期 ,较明显的赤潮从发生至消退的全过程往往跨越一个潮水期。根据实践经验总结 ,作者提出利用潮汐变化规律对大亚湾澳头水域 2 0 0 1年 5月份可能出现的赤潮初始阶段作尝试性预测 ,并在赤潮初始阶段通过对水域的浮游生物优势种和当地天气的变化趋势加强观测、研究 ,希望能对赤潮暴发作出较准确的预报。