解析日本空气环境质量标准体系

完善监测技术支撑体系,修订环境监测技术规范和分析方法是《国家环境监测“十二五”规划》的目标之一.2011年末,北京、上海、南京、济南等多个城市出现灰霾天气,空气环境质量标准成为热议话题;在此背景下,开展其他国家空气质量标准体系研究,可以为完善我国空气环境质量标准体系提供有效参考.日本在明治维新后开始近代工业发展,二战后更是进入经济高速发展阶段,伴随着工业化和城市化进程的不断深入和扩大,从而引发的环境问题也十分突出,治理空气污染是日本政府在上个世纪及本世纪的重要工作之一.根据日本空气环境质量标准文件、发布的监测数据和空气环境质量报告、日本中央环境审议会审议资料,并在查询大量相关资料的基础上,解析了日本空气环境质量标准体系的形成和主要内容,其空气质量标准由传统的空气污染物、大气中有害污染物质、Dioxins类物质和PM2.5四个部分组成.监测规范包括各类污染物监测技术手册及监测准则等内容.     

Privatisation,liberalisation and simplification of Statutory land use planning in Britain

A central government Consultation Paper issued in 1984 argues the case for simplified planning zones. These are seen to offer greater speed and certainty to developers and are closely related to the Enterprise Zone concept. This paper examines the context to the proposal, reviews the details of the Consultation Paper, and identifies the nature of the response to the idea.     

Sampling and physico-chemical analysis of precipitation: a review

Wet deposition is one of two processes governing the transfer of beneficial and toxic chemicals from the atmosphere on to surfaces. Since the early 1970s, numerous investigators have sampled and analyzed precipitation for their chemical constituents, in the context of "acidic rain" and related atmospheric processes. Since then, significant advances have been made in our understanding of how to sample rain, cloud and fog water to preserve their physico-chemical integrity prior to analyses. Since the 1970s large-scale precipitation sampling networks have been in operation to broadly address regional and multi-regional issues. However, in examining the results from such efforts at a site-specific level, concerns have been raised about the accuracy and precision of the information gathered. There is mounting evidence to demonstrate the instability of precipitation samples (e.g. with N species) that have been subjected to prolonged ambient or field conditions. At the present time precipitation sampling procedures allow unrefrigerated or refrigerated collection of wet deposition from individual events, sequential fractions within events, in situ continuous chemical analyses in the field and even sampling of single or individual rain, cloud and fog droplets. Similarly analytical procedures of precipitation composition have advanced from time-consuming methods to rapid and simultaneous analyses of major anions and cations, from bulk samples to single droplets. For example, analytical techniques have evolved from colorimetry to ion chromatography to capillary electrophoresis. Overall, these advances allow a better understanding of heterogeneous reactions and atmospheric pollutant scavenging processes by precipitation. In addition, from an environmental perspective, these advances allow better quantification of semi-labile (e.g. NH4+, frequently its deposition values are underestimated) or labile species [e.g. S (IV)] in precipitation and measurements of toxic chemicals such as Hg and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls). Similarly, methods now exist for source-receptor studies, using for example, the characterization of reduced elemental states and/or the use of stable isotopes in precipitation as tracers. Future studies on the relationship between atmospheric deposition and environmental impacts must exploit these advances. This review provides a comprehensive and comparative treatment of the state of the art sampling methods of precipitation and its physico-chemical analysis.     

环境监测自动监测系统信息共享技术研究

针对我国环境监测现状,分析了当前各地监测系统存在的环境监测信息综合处理困难及信息交换障碍等问题,结合国家不同层次对环境监测数据的需求及侧重点,分析了实现环境监测数据共享存在的问题,给出了信息共享元数据内容,介绍了科技部项目主要功能和设计方法及思路。最后对环境监测信息共享技术发展提出了自已的观点。     

饮用水消毒副产物分析及相关研究进展

饮用水消毒副产物（DBPs）是消毒剂和一些天然有机物（NOM）反应生成的化合物,主要包括三卤甲烷（THMs）、卤代G@（HAAs）、卤代乙腈（HANs）和致诱变化舍物（MX）4类。本文针对氯、氯胺、二氧化氯、臭氧4种主要消毒方式产生的消毒副产物,讨论了有关分析技术的发展过程,从DBPs的前处理技术、分析技术等角度,介绍了DBPs研究领域近期所取得的进展,并展望了今后研究的发展方向。     

CRITICAL STATE OF SALT-WATER UPCONING BENEATH ARTESIAN DISCHARGE WELLS1

ABSTRACT: An approach, based on the realization of the vertical components of flow is presented to determine the free surface of gravity wells and the shape of salt-water upconing in artesian aquifers. The transitional stages from pumping fresh water to pumping salt water at the critical condition are discussed. Vertical hydraulic resistances, being determined and included in the flow domain, allow the use of the finite-difference approximation in a simple form. The suggested approach implies the use of either simple modeling or computing techniques.     

Towards a new planning system for the 1990s and beyond

The paper outlines the emerging effects of the Information Technological revolution and examines the likely consequences for planning in Britain. A number of possible scenarios are described as a basis for thinking about the design of a new planning system for the future.     

城市污水处理技术与工艺研究进展综述

随着城市的发展和人民生活水平的提高,城市污水排放量日益增大,且污水成分日趋复杂,迫切需要适应各地经济发展和环境保护目标的污水处理技术。本文重点介绍了城市污水生物处理技术之一活性污泥法中的4种污水处理工艺,同时介绍了曝气生物滤池污水处理方法,并对组合技术处理城市污水进行了展望。     

我国中小城镇污水治理现状

随着近几年中小城市发展进程的加快,城市中日益暴露出各方面的问题与弊端,污水治理问题显得尤为突出和严重。污水排放大量增加对我国中小城市水环境造成了严重的污染和破坏,因此对污水处理技术的选择与考量十分迫切。基于我国国情,我国是发展中国家,财力有限。因此用于基础设施上的资金在大城市和中小城镇之间的分配比重严重失衡,中小城镇污水的处理率相对较低。这就决定了中小城镇在选择污水处理技术时,首先要考虑的因素必须是经济、高效、节能和简便易行。