The collection of PM10 for toxicological investigation: comparisons between different collecting devices

A positive correlation has been established between increased levels of airborne particulate pollution and adverse health effects, the toxicological mechanisms of which are poorly understood. For toxicologists to unambiguously determine thesemechanisms, truly representative samples of ambient PM₁₀ are required. This presents problems, as PM₁₀ collecting equipment commonly employed, such as the Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM®), heat the inflow toexclude moisture or use fibrous filters, resulting in a PM₁₀sample that may have undergone significant chemical change on thefilter surface or is contaminated by filter fibres. Other systems(i.e. Negretti and Partisol) can successfully collect PM₁₀ without chemical alteration or filter contamination. Comparativecollections from Port Talbot, S. Wales suggest that TEOMs and Negretti/Partisol systems collect different PM₁₀'s; the principle difference arising from the TEOM's heating chamber, which precipitates water-soluble ions and volatilises some organic components. This results in both the mass and compositionof the PM₁₀'s being altered. Particle size distributionsfor Negretti and Partisol collections highlighted differences mainly attributed to different flow rates. The results of thiswork demonstrate that simple correlations between PM₁₀ massand adverse health effects are problematic. Furthermore, elucidation of the complex fractionation and chemical changes indifferent collectors is necessary.     

夏季持续高温天气对北京市大气细粒子(PM2.5)的影响

在1999-06-23北京市出现长达13d的持续高温期间对细粒子(PM_2.5)质量浓度进行了观测.数据表明,持续高温期间细粒子质量浓度比非高温期间要高出2～3倍.但是通过对持续高温期间的气象数据进行分析,发现还是很利于污染物扩散.进一步分析同步监测的O₃浓度、颗粒物中SO₄^2-的粒径范围及其含量等数据,发现夏季持续高温期间活跃的光化学反应应该是北京市细粒子的主要来源.     

上海冬春季PM2.5中不挥发和半挥发颗粒物的浓度特征

微量振荡天平法广泛的应用于我国PM2.5的监测,该方法50℃的采样加热温度会导致PM2.5中半挥发颗粒物的损失, 而仅可获得PM2.5中的不挥发颗粒物的质量浓度,因此,PM2.5浓度的实际测值会偏低.微量振荡天平和膜动态测量联用技术可同时获得PM2.5中不挥发和半挥发颗粒物的质量浓度,本研究利用该技术于2011年12月~2012年4月在上海城郊开展了PM2.5中不挥发和半挥发颗粒物的连续观测,并对其浓度特征进行了分析.结果表明:上海冬春季大气PM2.5中半挥发性颗粒物占有较高比重,平均浓度比率为18.91%;PM2.5中半挥发颗粒物主要来自NH4NO3,在NH4NO3浓度较高的地区,PM2.5的监测应考虑半挥发颗粒物的损失;半挥发性颗粒物补偿前后的PM2.5浓度间有着较好的线性关系,在一定数据质量目标下,可由未补偿的浓度推算补偿后的PM2.5浓度.     

The Composition of PM10 as collected by a Conventional TEOM, a Modified TEOM and a Partisol Gravimetric Monitor at a Kerbside Site in the North East of England

The composition of airborne particulate matter sampled by a conventional TEOM^®, an experimental modified TEOM, operated at a lower temperature but fitted with a drier to remove moisture and a Partisol^®, installed at a kerbside site in the North East of England, has been investigated. The results indicate that there is a seasonal variation in the composition of PM₁₀ as sampled by the three monitors, with chloride concentration being significantly higher in the winter. The Partisol was found to sample a higher mass of chloride and nitrate, however the differences between the monitors was only significant for chloride. Both TEOM's were found to sample a greater mass of sulphate, although the variability in the data collected meant that significance of the results was not proven statistically. The range of artifacts associated with PM₁₀ monitors is reviewed. Difficulties in the interpretation of results due to the variable nature of airborne particulate matter and the ability of filter based systems to accurately represent the composition of atmospheric particles are considered.     

提高TEOM数据准确性和有效率的方法

基于振荡天平法颗粒物自动监测仪器在实际应用中存在的问题，在分析其工作原理的基础上，提出了增加光散射组件的辅助方案。实测结果表明：两者结合可以提高仪器检测数据的准确性和有效率，增强仪器的稳定性和可靠性，使仪器更加"皮实耐用"。     

邯郸市大气颗粒物污染特征的监测研究

使用振荡天平颗粒物在线监测仪连续监测了邯郸市PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度,分析了2012年7月31日—12月2日4个月内PM₁₀、PM_2.5的浓度水平、时变规律和PM_2.5/PM₁₀的变化情况.结果表明,监测时段内PM₁₀和PM_2.5的日均浓度平均值分别为208.4 μg·m^-3和99.1 μg·m^-3,是国家二级标准的1.4倍和1.3倍;浓度超标的天数占总观测天数的61.6%和60.0%,其污染程度与北京、天津相当,属污染较严重的地区.PM_2.5/PM₁₀在19.3%~89.8%之间周期性波动,平均值为49.4%,接近北方城市的平均水平.PM₁₀和PM_2.5的浓度变化具有很好的正相关性;日均值在4个月中呈现明显的周期性变化和月际波动,10、11月的PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度变化剧烈且大大高于8、9月份.PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度一天中小时均值的变化呈同步的双峰型分布,最高值出现在9:00和20:00左右,最低值出现在15:00~17:00之间.本研究系统分析了夏秋季节邯郸市大气颗粒物污染状况,以期为当地颗粒物污染的控制提供科学依据.     

空气中总悬浮颗粒物的三种测定方法比较

本文采用大流量采样、β－射线衰减测尘仪与ＴＥＯＭ测尘仪分析测定空气中的总悬浮颗粒物，对比实验结果表明：ＴＥＯＭ法与经典大流量测定方法、β－射线衰减法测量结果均具有可比性。     

广州市PM_2.5和PM_1.0质量浓度变化特征

文章报道了2005年干季和2006年湿季广州市大气细粒子PM2.5和PM1.0质量浓度的实时监测情况。监测结果表明:干季监测点PM2.5日均质量浓度在11.8～164.0μg/m3之间,总平均值为81.7μg/m3;湿季日均质量浓度在19.9～121.2μg/m3之间,总平均值为57.7μg/m3。干季PM1.0日均质量浓度变化范围为14.9～129.1μg/m3,总平均值为59.4μg/m3;湿季日均质量浓度在11.9～86.7μg/m3之间,总平均值为52.9μg/m3。对比发现,PM1.0总平均质量浓度在干、湿季相差很小,且与湿季PM2.5总平均质量浓度也相差不大,显示PM1.0具有相对固定成因来源且基本不受季节变化影响,而且湿季PM2.5的组成主要由PM1.0大气细粒子构成。干季PM2.5和PM1.0质量浓度日变化特征呈明显夜间高、白天低的特点,质量浓度的最大值都出现在晚上21:00左右;湿季由于雨水频繁,没有明显的日变化特征。气象分析表明,干季大气细粒子质量浓度主要受冷空气影响,而湿季主要受降雨影响。