Residual dynamics of thiacloprid in medical herbs marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil

Thiacloprid is a new insecticide of the chloronicotinyl family. To assess its risk after application, residual characteristics of thiacloprid in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil were studied under field conditions. The active ingredient was extracted from the plant material using a mixture of acetone-water. After filtration, the extract was concentrated to the aqueous phase, diluted with water, and portioned against ethyl acetate on a matrix solid phase dispersion column. Thiacloprid was extracted from soil using a mixture of methanol-water, filtered, and re.extracted （clean up） with dichloromethane. The residues were quantified using HPLC-MS-MS. The methods were validated by recovery experiments. Thiacloprid residues in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil persisted beyond 10, 14, 14, and 21 d but no residues were detected after 14, 21, 21, and 28 d, respectively. The data obtained in this study indicated that the biexponential model is more suitable than the first-order function to describe the decline of thiacloprid in fresh marjoram, fresh thyme, and dried camomile flowers with half-life （t1/2） of 1.1, 0.7, and 1.2 d, respectively. However, both the first-order function and biexponential model were found to be applicable for dissipation of thiacloprid in soil with almost the same t1/2 values of 3.5 and 3.6 d. The results indicated that thiacloprid dissipates rapidly and does not accumulate in the tested herbs and in soil.     

乙酸钠作为碳源不同污泥源短程反硝化过程亚硝酸盐积累特性

为探究乙酸钠作为碳源时,不同污泥源外源短程反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累特性,采用1号和2号SBR分别接种某污水处理厂二沉池和同步硝化反硝化除磷系统剩余污泥,通过合理控制初始硝酸盐浓度和缺氧时间,实现了短程反硝化的启动,并考察了其在不同初始COD和NO_3~--N浓度条件下的碳、氮去除特性.试验结果表明:以乙酸钠为碳源,1号和2号SBR可分别在21 d和20 d实现短程反硝化的成功启动,且其NO_2~--N积累量和亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)均维持在较高水平,分别为12. 61 mg·L-1、79. 76%和13. 85 mg·L-1、87. 60%.当2号SBR初始NO_3~--N浓度为20 mg·L-1,且初始COD浓度由60mg·L-1升高至140 mg·L-1时,系统实现最高NO_2~--N积累时间可由160 min逐渐缩短至6 min,同时NO_3~--N比反硝化速率(以VSS计)由3. 84 mg·(g·h)-1增加至7. 35 mg·(g·h)-1,初始COD浓度的提高有利于实现短程反硝化过程NO_2~--N积累. 2号SBR初始COD浓度为100 mg·L-1,当初始NO_3~--N浓度由20 mg·L-1增加至30 mg·L-1时,系统NAR均维持在90%以上,最高可达100%(NO_3~--N初始浓度为25 mg·L-1);当初始NO_3~--N浓度≥35 mg·L-1时,系统COD不足导致NO_3~--N不能被完全还原为NO_2~--N.此外,在不同初始COD浓度(80、100、120 mg·L-1)和NO_3~--N浓度(20、25、30、40 mg·L-1)条件下,2号SBR的脱氮除碳和短程反硝化性能均优于1号SBR.     

壬基酚在鱼体组织中的累积及对鱼类性腺的影响

采用HPLC法测定了在一定条件下暴露后鲤鱼和草鱼体内壬基酚的含量和分布,分析了鱼类性腺重量的变化.结果表明,在试验浓度下,20～25d后鲤鱼和草鱼体内的壬基酚可达到累积和释放的动态平衡,其最大累积系数分别为84.3和78.8,累积规律为鲤鱼>草鱼,肝脏>肌肉.受试雌鱼的性腺重量有明显的提高,相当于100ng/L17β-雌二醇(E₂)作用下鱼类性腺重量的34%～41%,表明壬基酚对鱼类具有一定的雌激素活性,且壬基酚的生物累积性和雌激素活性在产生时间和活性数值方面均是同步的和成正相关的.     

紫茉莉修复镉污染土壤的研究

研究了紫茉莉在镉污染土壤中的生长特征、对镉的富集能力和体内分布规律。紫茉莉对镉的耐性较强，富集浓度最高可达92．82mg／kg，镉在紫茉莉的分布为根〉茎〉叶。紫茉莉在中、低浓度镉污染土壤中可取得较好的修复效果。     

上海市黄浦江水源地重金属铅、镉多介质富集特征分析

上海市黄浦江饮用水源地的水质直接影响到上海市近1 700万居民的日常生活和健康安全，因此通过现场采集及室内分析对上海市主要饮用水源地黄浦江上游干流河段表层水体，表层沉积物及支流表层水体及其周边表层土壤中重金属铅、镉类污染物的含量进行了检验。结果表明：黄浦江干流表层水体铅平均含量为3234 μg/L，镉平均含量为022 μg/L；支流水体中铅平均含量为086 μg/L，镉平均含量为013 μg/L；支流表层沉积物中铅平均含量为327 μg/g，干流平均含量为218 μg/g，周边土壤中铅含量除个别点外稳定在2022~3903 μg/g；沉积物中镉的平均含量为03 μg/g，土壤中镉含量基本在015 μg/g左右。通过分析该区域多介质中重金属铅、镉的富集特征，判断表层沉积物是该区域重金属铅、镉的主要富集介质；该区域铅污染的主要受周边土壤的淋溶冲刷作用影响；2号（斜塘与圆泄泾交汇处），4号（竖潦泾与横潦泾交汇处）采样点区域相对于其他各采样点区域有短期、低浓度的重金属镉输入.     

北京奥林匹克公园地表颗粒物粒度特征分析

研究了北京市奥林匹克公园2012年10月和11月4次采集的地表颗粒物的粒度特征,结果表明,奥体公园整体以中小粒径76~830μm的颗粒物为主.人流量较大的区域颗粒物较粗,而有车辆通过或工地附近的区域颗粒物以粒径<300μm为主且更易在中等车流量的道路累积.说明人流量对道路地表颗粒物的组成影响有限,交通流量、建筑施工行为是影响城市公园颗粒物组成的重要因素.雨前干燥期影响颗粒物组成:随着雨前干燥期(≤15 d)的增加,粒径>300μm的颗粒物地表累积量不断下降,粒径<150μm的累积量不断上升,而150~300μm粒径范围的颗粒物受干燥期的影响不明显.道路的材质明显影响颗粒物的累积,与石材路面相比,地表颗粒物更容易在公园沥青路面累积,可以通过改进公园道路的设计,如采用石材路面,降低道路的粗糙度,从而减少颗粒物对公园水体的污染.     

我国城市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属分布及来源

为揭示城市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属的分布规律及污染来源,在文献调研的基础上,通过对多个省会城市主要功能区地表灰尘重金属数据的分析和比对,阐述了我国城市不同功能区地表灰尘中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的分布及累积差异,并探讨了不同功能区地表灰尘重金属的可能来源及影响因素.结果表明,工业区地表灰尘重金属含量最高,交通区地表灰尘重金属含量最低,商业区和居民文教区地表灰尘重金属含量处于中等水平.4种功能区之间地表灰尘重金属水平分异较大的元素是Zn和Pb,Cu和Cd在不同功能区地表灰尘中的含量差异较小.相对于城市土壤,工业区地表灰尘重金属累积最重,其它3个功能区地表灰尘重金属累积差异不明显,但相对而言,交通区地表灰尘重金属累积最轻.不同功能区地表灰尘累积程度差异最小的元素是Cd.     

Characteristics of Cd uptake and accumulation in two Cd accumulator oilseed rape species

Two pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to investigate the characteristics of Cd uptake and accumulation by two Cd accumulator oilseed rape varieties and one Indian mustard grown on a loamy soil that had been artificially contaminated by different amounts of CdSO4 (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 mg/kg soil). The relationship between shoot Cd uptake of the two oilseed rape cultivars and the soil Cd concentrations could be simulated via quadratic equations. The curve showed that maximum shoot Cd uptake of Indian mustard was 314.7μg/pot at soil Cd concentration of 87.8 mg/kg, while maximum uptake of the variety Xikou Huazi was 543.3 μg/pot at soil Cd concentration of 69.1 mg/kg and that of the variety Zhongyou Za-lhao was 576.7 μg/pot at soil Cd concentration of 84.0 mg/kg, suggesting that shoot Cd uptake ability of the two Cd accumulator oilseed rapes was significantly higher than that of the Indian mustard. Xikou Huazi had higher phytoremediation potential for Cd contaminated soil. Shoot Cd accumulation ability of the two Cd accumulator oilseed rapes was correspond and Cdwas easier translocated to the shoot than hyperaccumulator Indian mustard as comparation plant. Shoot Cd distribution pattern showed consistent and significant reduction from older leaves to younger ones of two oilseed rapes and Indian mustard. Cd uptake by oilseed rapes in growth prophase was higher than that of growth anaphase.     

农药对藻类的生态毒理学研究Ⅱ:毒性机理及其富集和降解

随着对农药污染认识的深入,农药对生态系统的初级生产者———藻类毒性以及毒性机制的研究不断增多。农药对藻类的毒性在于破坏藻类生物膜的结构和功能、影响藻类的光合作用、改变呼吸作用以及固氮作用,影响藻类的生理进程并改变其生化组分。开展农药对藻类毒性机理的研究,揭示农药结构—活性关系,对农药的研制和应用,评价农药的生态风险,减少农药对藻类的毒害是重要的。在自然环境中还发现藻能富集和降解农药。因此,对于这些藻来说,农药对藻类的毒害作用和藻类对农药的富集和降解作用可能同时存在。本文综述了农药对藻类的毒性机理以及藻类对农药的富集和降解作用。