单轴应力对煤自燃特性参数和导热系数的影响研究

为探究单轴应力作用下煤氧化和传热特性，利用自制荷载加压煤自燃特性参数测定装置对炉体内长焰煤煤样进行程序升温。结合程序升温过程中煤临界温度Tc和Tg，对其进行阶段划分:阶段1为30℃~Tc；阶段2为Tc~Tg。计算了不同单轴应力下2个阶段煤表观活化能和平均耗氧速率。根据能量守恒得出程序升温过程煤导热系数随温度的变化，进一步分析煤导热系数与单轴应力的关系。结果表明:阶段1单轴应力为4 MPa时为临界轴压，煤表观活化能最大，平均耗氧速率最小；阶段2煤表观活化能和平均耗氧速率随单轴应力增大均呈抛物线变化，单轴应力为2.7 MPa时为临界轴压，煤表观活化能最大，平均耗氧速率最小；阶段1和2煤导热系数随温度升高均先减小后增大，并且煤导热系数随单轴应力增大呈三次函数变化。     

pH-dependent leaching behaviour and other performance properties of cement-treated mixed contaminated soil

Portland cement has been widely used for stabilisation/solidification (S/S) treatment of contaminated soils. However, there is a dearth of literature on pH-dependent leaching of contaminants from cement-treated soils. This study investigates the leachability of Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) from a mixed contaminated soil. A sandy soil was spiked with 3000 mg/kg each of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn, and 10,000 mg/kg of diesel, and treated with ordinary Portland cement (CEM I). Four different binder dosages, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% (m/m) and different water contents ranging from 13%-19% dry weight were used in order to find a safe operating envelope for the treatment process. The pH-dependent leaching behaviour of the treated soil was monitored over an 84-day period using a 3-point acid neutralisation capacity (ANC) test. The monolithic leaching test was also conducted. Geotechnical properties such as unconfined compressive strength (UCS), hydraulic conductivity and porosity were assessed over time. The treated soils recorded lower leachate concentrations of Ni and Zn compared to the untreated soil at the same pH depending on binder dosage. The binder had problems with Pb stabilisation and TPH leachability was independent of pH and binder dosage. The hydraulic conductivity of the mixes was generally of the order, 10^-8 m/sec, while the porosity ranged from 26%-44%. The results of selected performance properties are compared with regulatory limits and the range of operating variables that lead to acceptable performance described.     

几种解离常数测定方法的比较与评价

介绍了电位滴定法、分光光度法、电导法和毛细管电泳法等几种测定物质解离常数的常用方法,分析了其测定原理及优缺点,讨论了解离常数测定方法的研究方向。     

基于热线法的不同水分含量松散煤体热物性实验与模拟研究*

为解决松散煤体热物性参数的测试周期长与实验误差大等问题,构建测试装置实验平台,结合交叉热线法和平行热线法,对松散煤体热物性参数进行准确测量与计算,对1～2 mm,0.5～0.6 mm和0.2～0.3 mm 3种不同粒径煤样在不同水分含量下的热物性参数的变化规律进行研究,利用Fluent数值模拟软件对松散煤体温度场进行模拟研究,并对比模拟结果与实验结果的差异性。结果表明:在所测粒径范围里,同等水分含量下的松散煤体粒径越大,导热系数越小,热扩散率与比热容越大;松散煤体的导热系数随水分含量的增加而增加,但增加趋势渐缓;松散煤体的热扩散率随着水分含量的增加而增大,当水分含量达到11.73～13.88%后热扩散率开始逐渐下降,而比热容随着水分含量的增加逐渐增大。     

缓冲液对微生物燃料电池产电性能影响研究

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)应用于废水处理是一项非常有潜力的除污产能的绿色技术.但MFC运行过程中采用磷酸盐缓冲液不符合除污产能要求,增加水体富营养化趋势且增加水处理成本.试验采用单极室微生物燃料电池处理模拟生活污水,以投加PBS(phosphate buffer solution)...     

卫生填埋场黏土衬层密实性试验研究

开展卫生填埋场中的黏土衬层密实性试验研究对填埋场的工程设计和后期运营具有现实意义.黏土压实的直接影响之一就是孔隙率的减小,并改变黏土的电阻率,为高密度电阻率法在衬层密实性中的调查研究提供了前提条件和物理基础.文章采用高密度电阻率法三种装置(测深、温纳、偶极-偶极)进行对比测量,通过电阻率成像技术对压实黏土的电性特征进行...     

西天山科其喀尔冰川消融径流的水化学分析

为了研究西天山科其喀尔冰川融水径流的基本化学特征,2003-06～2003-09在研究区取样(冰面径流、冰面湖水、河水及大气降水),结果表明:①本区各类水体都呈碱性,pH值大小顺序为:河水>冰面径流>冰面湖水>大气降水>7.②各类样品总离子浓度的顺序为:河水>大气降水>冰面湖水>冰面径流.冰面径流中的各项离子浓度均低于其它3类样品的相应值,平均仅是河水的24%;阴、阳离子分别以SO₄^2-和Ca²⁺为最大.③由于降水过程中有物理变化和化学反应的作用,不同降水形式中降雨的各项离子浓度(NO₃^-除外)均比冰雹和雪中的相应离子浓度大;④对不同海拔高度水样分析表明,各项离子浓度“高程效应”十分明显,3 900m以上区域,冰面径流中各阳离子浓度逐渐向冰川冰中各相应离子浓度逼近.     

Using multivariate regression modeling for sampling and predicting chemical characteristics of mixed waste in old landfills

Municipal solid waste landfills pose a threat on environment and human health, especially old landfills which lack facilities for collection and treatment of landfill gas and leachate. Consequently, missing information about emission flows prevent site-specific environmental risk assessments. To overcome this gap, the combination of waste sampling and analysis with statistical modeling is one option for estimating present and future emission potentials. Optimizing the tradeoff between investigation costs and reliable results requires knowledge about both: the number of samples to be taken and variables to be analyzed.This article aims to identify the optimized number of waste samples and variables in order to predict a larger set of variables. Therefore, we introduce a multivariate linear regression model and tested the applicability by usage of two case studies. Landfill A was used to set up and calibrate the model based on 50 waste samples and twelve variables. The calibrated model was applied to Landfill B including 36 waste samples and twelve variables with four predictor variables.The case study results are twofold: first, the reliable and accurate prediction of the twelve variables can be achieved with the knowledge of four predictor variables (Loi, EC, pH and Cl). For the second Landfill B, only ten full measurements would be needed for a reliable prediction of most response variables. The four predictor variables would exhibit comparably low analytical costs in comparison to the full set of measurements. This cost reduction could be used to increase the number of samples yielding an improved understanding of the spatial waste heterogeneity in landfills.Concluding, the future application of the developed model potentially improves the reliability of predicted emission potentials. The model could become a standard screening tool for old landfills if its applicability and reliability would be tested in additional case studies.     

一种导电混凝土的制备及其电阻率测量

本文综述了导电混凝土的发展以及应用情况，提出了用导电混凝土作为接地材料的设想，并选择氧化铁粉作为骨料，添加适量碳粉配制了一种导电混凝土来验证。通过改变不同的配比制作导电混凝土模型，用四电极法测量其电阻率，得出碳粉比例对其电阻率的影响。     

微生物燃料电池恒电流预培养阳极生物膜分析表征

阳极性能是影响微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cells,MFCs)性能的关键因素之一,同时阳极的接种挂膜过程是影响微生物燃料电池启动效率的关键因素.因此,本课题组提出了预培养阳极作为微生物燃料电池的一种新型阳极的概念,在三电极体系下,通过外加恒定电流预培养阳极,在不同条件下对阳极表面进行电化学选择和生物膜驯化以丰富生物膜结构和厚度.结果表明,阳极的性能与预培养电流大小密切相关,预培养阳极CF-4i(外加4 A·m-2电流密度)通过循环伏安法、塔菲尔曲线、电化学阻抗谱测试,性能好于其他测试组及对照组,装配阳极CF-4i的微生物燃料电池能实现最大功率密度968.20 m W·m-2,是对照组的2.53倍.同时,通过共聚焦显微镜观察发现,生物膜大体分两层,外层的活细胞及内层的死细胞,外层活细胞长在内层死细胞之上.这种结构分布表明,阳极生物膜中的活细胞部分绝大多数都分布于生物膜的外侧,而不是均布于整个阳极生物膜中;同时这也表明不是整个阳极生物膜都具有新陈代谢活性,但死亡的细胞可以继续积累在电极表面附近,活的外层膜负责电流的产生,而内层的死细胞作为一种导电基质.