Genetic Bottlenecks Driven by Population Disconnection

Abstract: Connectivity among populations plays a crucial role in maintaining genetic variation at a local scale, especially in small populations affected strongly by genetic drift. The negative consequences of population disconnection on allelic richness and gene diversity (heterozygosity) are well recognized and empirically established. It is not well recognized, however, that a sudden drop in local effective population size induced by such disconnection produces a temporary disequilibrium in allelic frequency distributions that is akin to the genetic signature of a demographic bottleneck. To document this effect, we used individual‐based simulations and empirical data on allelic richness and gene diversity in six pairs of isolated versus well‐connected (core) populations of European tree frogs. In our simulations, population disconnection depressed allelic richness more than heterozygosity and thus resulted in a temporary excess in gene diversity relative to mutation drift equilibrium (i.e., signature of a genetic bottleneck). We observed a similar excess in gene diversity in isolated populations of tree frogs. Our results show that population disconnection can create a genetic bottleneck in the absence of demographic collapse.     

资源环境与我国可持续发展

本文从资源、环境和人地关系的角度探讨我国的可持续发展问题 ,分析了影响我国可持续发展因素 ,指出中华民族的人口素质是我国可持续发展的关键 ,阐明科教兴国是我国可持续发展的必由之路     

基于结构重要度的地铁人员疏散瓶颈识别方法

为了提出一种新的量化人员疏散瓶颈的识别方法。以某地铁站为例,运用EVACNET4模型软件,模拟该地铁站发生火灾等事故时,人群的疏散情况,采用网络结构效益与结构重要度结合的方法查找疏散过程中的瓶颈所在,通过计算疏散瓶颈的结构重要度,将各瓶颈按其对车站安全疏散的影响程度排序,找出瓶颈制约点。结果表明:地铁站内的自动扶梯的开闭状态对疏散时间的影响很大,在发生火灾等特殊事件时应将自动扶梯停止运行,当作楼梯使用。同时,闸机的开闭状态也会影响疏散时间,但只要保障疏散过程中闸机可用,人员均能在规定的时间内完成疏散。通过对比分析门扉式闸机和三杆门式闸机的优劣,在建设地铁时,主要应以门扉式闸机为检票通道。     

海口市旅游业发展瓶颈和应对措施分析

旅游业是海口市的支柱产业，带动了整个城市关联产业的快速发展。通过分析海口市旅游业发展面临的发展定位、资源利用、旅游品牌、景观开发、城市营销与管理等方面的瓶颈，提出了应对措施，以期为海口市旅游业的繁荣与发展服务，助力于海口市经济、社会的全面与协调发展。     

地铁站火灾人员安全疏散研究综述

为提升地铁站火灾疏散能力,减少灾时人员伤亡和财产损失,国内外大量的研究成果服务于地铁应急预案的制定。分别从研究手段和研究对象方面对国内外近年来的文献进行梳理,分析了地铁站火灾疏散中的烟雾特点、人员应急行为特征和心理反应、疏散中的瓶颈和疏散路径。系统地分析了影响地铁站火灾疏散的因素,比较了不同学者地铁站火灾疏散中存在的差异以及有待改进的地方,从改善地铁设计管理方面和提升人员疏散能力方面提出了建议。     

基于BERT的灾害三元组信息抽取优化研究

为从网络媒体文本中快速、准确提取灾害三元组信息,利用 自然语言处理(NLP)技术,研究灾害三元组信息抽取应用及其算法优化.通过双向编码器表示(BERT)预训练语言模型,应用于地质灾害三元组信息提取的实例中,针对模型由于底层多头注意力(MHA)机制会导致"低秩瓶颈"问题,对此,通过增大模型key-size对其进行优化.结...     

Population Bottlenecks and Increased Hatching Failure in Endangered Birds

Abstract: Severe population bottlenecks are expected to lead to increases in inbreeding depression and to reduce the long‐term viability of populations. We compared hatching failure across 51 threatened bird species to test the relation between the size of population bottleneck and population viability. Bottleneck size was defined as the lowest population size recorded in a species. Hatching failure was estimated as the proportion of eggs that failed to hatch due to infertility and embryonic death, both of which increase with inbreeding. The size of the bottleneck varied from 4 to 20,000 individuals across species and had a significant negative effect on hatching failure, a pattern that was consistent when we controlled for the confounding effects of phylogeny, body size, clutch size, time since the bottleneck occurred, and latitude. Hatching failure varied from 3 to 64% across species and was more than 10% in all populations passing through bottlenecks below 100–150 individuals. Our results show that the negative consequences of bottlenecks on hatching success are widespread in the populations of species we examined, and emphasize the conservation benefit of preventing bottlenecks below 150 individuals.     

含能材料生产系统排产中的瓶颈设备识别方法研究

目的 识别含能材料生产车间中的瓶颈设备,对生产系统作出预警,为排产方案制定以及实际生产工作提供指导,改善生产系统的加工效率.方法 针对传统瓶颈设备识别方法评价指标单一、识别过程复杂的问题,研究一种基于灵敏度分析和逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)融合的瓶颈设备识别方法.该算法首先确定作业指标与设备加工量关系的灵敏度矩阵,然后运用逼近理想解排序法,计算设备的综合瓶颈指数,通过比较各设备的综合瓶颈指数,识别出瓶颈设备.结果 采用含能材料生产车间实际数据进行仿真实验,可以在生产系统运行之前识别出系统中的瓶颈设备.结论 通过与其他方法进行对比分析,验证了研究的方法的有效性和优越性.     

Simulating Retention of Rare Alleles in Small Populations to Assess Management Options for Species with Different Life Histories

Preserving allelic diversity is important because it provides the capacity for adaptation and thus enables long‐term population viability. Allele retention is difficult to predict in animals with overlapping generations, so we used a new computer model to simulate retention of rare alleles in small populations of 3 species with contrasting life‐history traits: North Island Brown Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli; monogamous, long‐lived), North Island Robins (Petroica longipes; monogamous, short‐lived), and red deer (Cervus elaphus; polygynous, moderate lifespan). We simulated closed populations under various demographic scenarios and assessed the amounts of artificial immigration needed to achieve a goal of retaining 90% of selectively neutral rare alleles (frequency in the source population = 0.05) after 10 generations. The number of immigrants per generation required to meet the genetic goal ranged from 11 to 30, and there were key similarities and differences among species. None of the species met the genetic goal without immigration, and red deer lost the most allelic diversity due to reproductive skew among polygynous males. However, red deer required only a moderate rate of immigration relative to the other species to meet the genetic goal because nonterritorial breeders had a high turnover. Conversely, North Island Brown Kiwi needed the most immigration because the long lifespan of locally produced territorial breeders prevented a large proportion of immigrants from recruiting. In all species, the amount of immigration needed generally decreased with an increase in carrying capacity, survival, or reproductive output and increased as individual variation in reproductive success increased, indicating the importance of accurately quantifying these parameters to predict the effects of management. Overall, retaining rare alleles in a small, isolated population requires substantial investment of management effort. Use of simulations to explore strategies optimized for the populations in question will help maximize the value of this effort. Simulación de la Retención de Alelos Raros en Poblaciones Pequeñas para Evaluar Opciones de Manejo para Especies con Historias de Vida Diferentes