大渡河上游丹巴地区地质灾害的地貌分维特征解析

地貌对地质灾害的分布、类型、规模与危害等特征具有重要的影响,宏观及微观地貌指标均能在一定程度上刻画其作用特征。应用高分辨率遥感影像详细解译崩塌和滑坡灾害,采用高精度DEM和滑动窗口技术提取地貌分维特征,并用其解析灾害分布的地貌特征。结果表明:灾害体的内部与后壁、前缘、侧壁和邻区均表现出较为明显的分异性,崩塌的微地貌分异特征较之滑坡显著,大型、厚层、老(古)崩塌及滑坡分异特征更为突出。计算地貌分维值可有效识别与其同时期的或更早的地质灾害,也可间接挖掘新发生灾害的微地貌复杂性和离散性。     

Carbon dioxide emissions from cities in China based on high resolution emission gridded data

Based on the China high resolution emission gridded data (1 km spatial resolution), this article is aimed to create a Chinese city carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission data set using consolidated data sources as well as normalized and standardized data processing methods. Standard methods were used to calculate city CO₂ emissions, including scope 1 and scope 2. Cities with higher CO₂ emissions are mostly in north, northeast, and eastern coastal areas. Cities with lower CO₂ emissions are in the western region. Cites with higher CO₂ emissions are clustered in the Jing-Jin-Ji Region (such as Beijing, Tianjin, and Tangshan), and the Yangtze River Delta region (such as Shanghai and Suzhou). The city per capita CO₂ emission is larger in the north than the south. There are obvious aggregations of cities with high per capita CO₂ emission in the north. Four cities among the top 10 per capita emissions (Erdos, Wuhai, Shizuishan, and Yinchuan) cluster in the main coal production areas of northern China. This indicates the significant impact of coal resources endowment on city industry and CO₂ emissions. The majority (77%) of cities have annual CO₂ emissions below 50 million tons. The mean annual emission, among all cities, is 37 million tons. Emissions from service-based cities, which include the smallest number of cities, are the highest. Industrial cities are the largest category and the emission distribution from these cities is close to the normal distribution. Emissions and degree of dispersion, in the other cities (excluding industrial cities and service-based cities), are in the lowest level. Per capita CO₂ emissions in these cities are generally below 20 t/person (89%) with a mean value of 11 t/person. The distribution interval of per capita CO₂ emission within industrial cities is the largest among the three city categories. This indicates greater differences among per capita CO₂ emissions of industrial cities. The distribution interval of per capita CO₂ emission of other cities is the lowest, indicating smaller differences of per capita CO₂ emissions among this city category. Three policy suggestions are proposed: first, city CO₂ emission inventory data in China should be increased, especially for prefecture level cities. Second, city responsibility for emission reduction, and partitioning the national goal should be established, using a bottom-up approach based on specific CO₂ emission levels and potential for emission reductions in each city. Third, comparative and benchmarking research on city CO₂ emissions should be conducted, and a Top Runner system of city CO₂ emission reduction should be established.     

气相色谱-高分辨双聚焦磁质谱测定水中超痕量多氯萘

采用固相萃取法处理水样，气相色谱-高分辨双聚焦磁质谱法测定水中超痕量多氯萘，同位素内标法定量，并对样品前处理条件和仪器条件进行优化。试验表明：方法在0．500 ng/L～500 ng/L范围内线性良好；当取样体积为1 L时，方法检出限为0．005 ng/L～0．01 ng/L；对实际水样进行2个质量浓度水平的加标回收试验，平行测定6次的 RSD为2．7％～8．7％，回收率为70．2％～110％。方法适用性试验表明，水样中复杂的基质对测定无影响。     

震害预测中建筑物属性信息提取方法研究

在编制城市抗震防灾规划工作中,如何得到规划区大量的建筑物的普查资料一直是一个重要的课题。就此,本文提出了一种基于RS技术通过首先旋转高分辨率遥感图像而后搜寻建筑物阴影区有效分割线段来实现大范围建筑物层数信息提取的新方法,并结合高分辨率遥感影像数据和实际建筑物层数信息对提取结果进行分析。结果表明计算模型正确,普适性较强,算法过程简单,所得结果精度满足城市震害预测基础信息的要求,有较大实用价值。     

Sustainable development conflict over freeway construction

Environmental disputes arise due to opposing views of various groups about their environmental concerns and their economic or developmental interests. Development and protection of the environment constitute two main contradictory objectives within the sustainable development paradigm, which are often in conflict. The decision support system, GMCR II, which implements the graph model for conflict resolution, is employed to model and analyze an environmental dispute arising over the construction of a new freeway between the Iranian capital, Tehran, and the city of Chalous located in the north of the country. This study demonstrates that the graph model for conflict resolution can be used as a methodology to promote a reasonable balance between economic development and environmental protection from a strategic viewpoint. In addition to systematically modelling the conflict by putting the existing information into proper perspective, it is shown how conflict analysis can be used for comparing alternative scenarios and predicting possible future outcomes. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

The structure of the fire fighting foam surfactant Forafac®1157 and its biological and photolytic transformation products

For several decades, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has widely been used as a fluorinated surfactant in aqueous film forming foams used as hydrocarbon fuel fire extinguishers. Due to concerns regarding its environmental persistence and toxicological effects, PFOS has recently been replaced by novel fluorinated surfactants such as Forafac®1157, developed by the DuPont company. The major component of Forafac®1157 is a 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), and a link between the trade name and the exact chemical structure is presented here to the scientific community for the first time. In the present work, the structure of the 6:2 FTAB was elucidated by ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁹F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Moreover, its major metabolites from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and its photolytic transformation products were identified. Contrary to what has earlier been observed for PFOS, the 6:2 FTAB was extensively metabolized by blue mussel and turbot exposed to Forafac®1157. The major metabolite was a deacetylated betaine species, from which mono- and di-demethylated metabolites also were formed. Another abundant metabolite was the 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide. In another experiment, Forafac®1157 was subjected to UV-light induced photolysis. The experimental conditions aimed to simulate Arctic conditions and the deacetylated species was again the primary transformation product of 6:2 FTAB. A 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide was also formed along with a non-identified transformation product. The environmental presence of most of the metabolites and transformation products was qualitatively demonstrated by analysis of soil samples taken in close proximity to an airport fire training facility.     

Soft intervention technology as a tool for integrated coastal zone management

After introducing soft defence techniques as an alternative to hard defence techniques, the need is emphasized to consider the coastal area as an integral system. By recalling the main driving factors for coastal management: conflict resolution, resilience and sustainability, we logically arrive at the concepts of ecological engineering and ecotechnology, which are increasingly acknowledged as possible solutions to achieve sustainable use of coastal space as a resource. In this context, we refer to the principles of self design and of ecosystem conservation. In order to deal with real situations we are in need of fundamental ‘tools’ for the application of the soft intervention technology approach. We therefore introduce the concept of physiographic units and develop an initial elaboration for a coastal stretch and for coastal wetlands. The latter deserve more attention because of the already established practices of ecotechnology, at least as far as water and soil quality are concerned, but certainly also concerning morphology, especially in the future. We conclude by briefly discussing how activities undertaken in two research projects currently being conducted under the framework of the Marine Science and Technology Program of the Commission of the European Communities are expected to contribute to the concepts introduced here.     

高分辨率监测下的漓江省里断面生物地球化学特征分析

为了获得漓江流域不同季节生物地球化学昼夜动态变化过程、影响因素与规律,分别于2016年10月30日～11月1日(秋季)和2017年9月14～16日(夏季)对漓江流域省里断面进行了为期48 h的高分辨率在线监测和高频率取样工作,研究水体电导率(EC)、水温(T)、pH以及Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-、NO_3~-等离子含量和溶解无机碳同位素(δ~(13)C_(DIC))等水化学参数的昼夜变化规律,并分析其影响因素,同时评估水生植物对输入岩溶水生生态系统中溶解无机碳的固定量.结果表明:①省里断面水化学参数表现出显著的昼夜变化规律,T、pH、DO、SIC白天上升夜间下降,Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-、EC、p(CO_2)白天降低夜晚上升且秋季昼夜变化幅度大于夏季.②SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl~-、Na~+、K~+和Mg~(2+)等营养元素含量昼夜变化主要受水生植物代谢过程(同化作用)控制,呈现白天降低夜间升高的变化规律.同时,省里断面夏季营养元素昼夜变化幅度小于秋季.③省里断面溶解无机碳同位素(δ~(13)C_(DIC))主要受水生植物光合作用和呼吸作用控制,表现为白天偏重晚上偏轻的动态变化.受土壤根系和土壤微生物呼吸作用强度和河流水文要素季节变化的影响,夏季省里断面δ~(13)C_(DIC)总体上偏轻于秋季,两者的平均值分别为-10. 08‰和-8. 90‰.④通过计算,实验期间省里断面水生植物光合作用岩溶碳汇量日平均值为2. 12 mmol·L~(-1)和0. 94mmol·L~(-1),秋季比夏季具有更高的固碳效率.     

基于高空间分辨网格的郑州市城镇居民PM2.5暴露浓度与健康风险变化评估

近年来,我国以PM_2.5为特征污染物的复合型大气污染问题依然严峻,居民长期暴露在PM_2.5环境中会造成健康损伤,可以增加特定疾病过早死亡.郑州市PM_2.5浓度年均值远高于国家Ⅱ级标准,对居民健康造成了极为不利的影响.基于网络数据爬取建立的高空间分辨率人口密度网格,依据室外浓度监测数据和城镇居民源排放量,评估了包括室内和室外暴露的郑州市城镇居民的PM_2.5暴露水平,并采用综合暴露-反应模型量化了相应的健康风险,最后评估了不同削减措施与空气质量标准对降低城镇居民PM_2.5暴露浓度的贡献.结果表明,2017年和2019年郑州市城镇居民的时间加权PM_2.5暴露浓度年均值分别为74.06μg·m^-3和60.64μg·m^-3,下降了18.12%.其中室内暴露浓度占时间加权暴露浓度的质量分数分别为83.58%和83.01%,对时间加权暴露浓度下降的贡献率为84.06%. 2017年和2019年郑州市与PM_2.5     

东北区域空气质量时空分布特征及重度污染成因分析

东北已成为我国又一个霾污染多发和重发区域.采用2013～2017年东北区域大气污染物地面监测数据、卫星数据和气象数据等信息,探讨了中国东北地区空气质量时空分布特征与重度污染成因.结果表明,"沈阳-长春-哈尔滨"带状城市群是全年污染最严重的区域,空气质量指数(AQI)的空间分布具有明显的季节性,冬季污染最严重,春季吉林省西部周围为椭圆形污染区,夏季和秋季大部分时间空气质量最佳.3个典型的霾污染时期是10月下旬和11月上旬(即秋末和初冬,时期一),12月下旬和1月(即冬季最冷的时候,时期二),及4月到5月中旬(即春季沙尘和农业耕作期).时期一,季节性作物残茬焚烧和冬季采暖用煤燃烧产生的PM_(2.5)强排放是极端霾事件发生的主要原因(AQI 300);时期二,在最严寒月份里,重度霾污染事件(200 AQI 300),主要由燃煤和汽车燃料消耗的PM_(2.5)排放量高,大气边界层较低,以及大气扩散性差等共同引起;时期三,春季PM_(10)浓度较高,主要是由内蒙古中部退化草原的风沙和吉林省西部裸地的区域性扬尘传输造成的.同时,当地农业耕作本身也释放PM_(10),并提升了裸土的人为源矿物尘的排放强度.