环境资源价值评估与赔偿的若干问题的分析

环境资源价值评估与赔偿过程涉及刭环境、社会和经济领域,具有复合性.以多元化视角讨论环境资源价值评估与赔偿过程,并提出相应的社会学范式.指出该过程中可能存在的问题:赔偿者或接受赔偿者可能借用所拥有或使用的环境资源的特殊性、信息不对称或中间人的寻租行为,不合理定价,引发矛盾;可能导致行为变迁;政府在制定赔偿政策时.未能有效地进行政策评价,导致行为的结果和期望不符合;个人缺乏公共需求信息或缺乏物质和符号激励,导致具有环境正外部性的产品供给不足.进而提出改进的总路:建立有效的监督机制,鼓励建立市场运作的第三方经济影响评价机构,鼓励NGO的发展,一定社会控制条件下的公众参与以及引入市场机制.     

CSSD Associated with United Nations Actions on Sustainable Development

In December, 2004, the Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) of the Department of Public Information (DPI) of the UnitedNations approved the association to the Chinese Society for Sustainable Development (CSSD) with the Department, effective immediately. Thisassociation constitutes a commitment of CSSD to disseminate information and raise public awareness about the purposes and activities of theUnited Nations and issues of global concern. So we decided to develop a spec…     

从社会排斥的视角分析中国公众环境权益的缺失

社会排斥是近年来社会学研究中的重要概念。本文在对社会排斥内涵进行简要述评的基础上．探讨将这一独特视角用于公众环境权益诠释的可能性，并具体分析中国公众在环境权益实现过程中所面临的社会文化排斥、社会体制排斥、自我认同排斥等社会排斥现象及其三者之间的关系。公众在环境权益实现中所遇到的社会排斥包括两个方面：一是由消极排斥到积极排斥再到消极排斥的作用与反作用过程；二是自为排斥与自在排斥相互交错融合的过程。消除各种社会排斥的可行对策是：建立公众参与环境制度．促进环境NGO发展，强化环保执法能力．推动环保机制从政府主导型向社会制衡型转变。     

中国的环境问题和环境政策

中国21世纪议程高级国际圆桌会议的召开,对中国和世界,都是一件有意义、有影响的大事,因为一个拥有世界1/5多人口的国家和民族,选择可持续发展作为其实现现代化的战略途径,在历史上是没有先例的,这无疑是一项非常重大的决策,必将对世界产生深远的影响。     

中国各省环境效率及环境效率幻觉分析

为了更准确地了解我国经济发展质量,深刻理解环境效率的含义,本文以全新视角对中国各省环境效率进行测量、分析。首先,基于中国各省农业和工业生产要素投入、期望产出和非期望产出,利用二次型方向性距离函数和收益函数的对偶关系,测算2011年至2013年中国大陆31个省份污染物的影子价格。其次,利用影子价格衡量污染物减排边际成本的优点,根据世界可持续发展工商理事会(WBCSD)提出的环境效率测度公式,研究各省的环境负荷、环境效率,针对环境效率在衡量经济发展质量过程中的缺陷,提出环境效率幻觉概念,结合二者对全国各省进行综合评判,结果表明:全国范围内的各省环境效率值基本呈逐年递增趋势;整体上环境效率值在东中西部呈递减,但东北各省的环境效率值已普遍低于西南各省,且差距有扩大的趋势;出现环境效率幻觉的省份较少,但随着经济"新常态"的出现,其数量在增加。再次,利用环境效率的上升和环境效率幻觉的下降判断,中国仅二分之一的省份环境质量在真正好转。最后,环境效率影响因素的分析表明:全国范围内,产业结构、人均收入以及对外贸易水平与环境效率正相关,政府规制与环境效率负相关,对各地区的影响却呈现出较大差异;政府规制在东部和中部地区对环境效率具有促进作用,且东部大于中部,而西部地区却存在负效应;产业结构在中部和西部地区对环境效率具有积极的促进作用,且西部大于中部,但是东部地区却存在着负效应;对外贸易的继续增加对东中部地区环境效率具有消极的影响,且东部大于中部,对西部地区环境效率有积极的促进作用。     

居民环境后果认知对保护旅游地环境行为影响研究

随着旅游业的快速发展及频繁爆发的自然灾害事件,越来越多的旅游地生态环境受到人为及非人为活动的干扰。生态环境是旅游业得以正常运行与进一步发展的基础之一,因此旅游地环境保护研究一直是学术界关注的焦点。本研究以旅游地社区居民为案例借助NAM模型(Norm Activation Model)研究居民环境后果认知对保护旅游地环境行为的驱动机制,并对青城山-都江堰与九寨沟居民样本进行对比分析。经多群组结构方程模型分析得到以下结果:①青城山-都江堰与九寨沟两组模型中均表现出因变量保护旅游地环境后果认知对环保道德规范作用最强,因变量灾害后果认知对环保道德规范影响次之,因变量旅游环境影响认知对环保道德规范无影响;②两组模型中环保道德规范作为中介变量均表现出对日常环保行为影响最强,对景区生态关注影响强度次之,对高级环保行为意愿影响强度最弱;③保护旅游地环境后果认知是影响居民实施保护旅游地环境行为最主要的环境后果认知维度;④青城山-都江堰居民保护旅游地环境后果认知对保护旅游地环境行为及行为意愿三个维度影响强度均大于九寨沟,而九寨沟居民灾害后果认知对保护旅游地环境行为及行为意愿三个维度影响强度均大于青城山-都江堰。旅游地环境管理要充分考虑和提高居民的合理利益,并加强环境、灾害意识与传统文化教育有利于激发居民主动实施环保行为,有利于旅游地环境可持续发展。     

环境综合治理背景下农村居民亲环境行为研究

基于苏皖两省413份农村数据,文章引入意识-情境-行为模型,运用相关分析、层次回归分析、单因素方差分析等探讨了中国文化背景下农村居民"公""私"领域的亲环境行为及其影响因素。研究发现:亲环境意识是亲环境行为产生的基础,环境知识和环境情感对农村居民公、私领域的亲环境行为均产生显著影响,而环境态度仅对农村居民的公领域亲环境行为产生影响,个体责任意识只对农村居民的私领域亲环境行为产生显著影响。从交互效应看,环境态度和个体责任对农村居民公领域的环境友好行为存在两两的正向交互作用,即对环境问题持有高度个人责任感的群体,培养其积极的环境态度能显著提高该群体的公领域亲环境行为选择偏好。在个体实施成本中,行为麻烦程度负向影响农村居民公私领域的亲环境行为,物质主义观念对行为的主效应不显著。且物质主义观念对态度-行为路径存在负向的调节作用,行为麻烦程度则对情感-行为路径存在负向的调节作用。值得注意的是,物质主义观念也对个体责任-行为路径存在正向的弱调节作用。此外,中国文化确实在居民的亲环境意识和行为中发挥着背景效应。对此文章提出以下政策建议:加强宣传教育,提高农村居民环境保护意识;发挥组织引领,激发农村居民环境保护热情,充分发挥农村居民主人翁作用;加大资金支持,创造便利、便捷、有效的社会条件和社会环境,减少农村居民实施亲环境行为的金钱、时间和精力成本;注重文化影响,充分发挥良好乡风文明具有的浸润人心、规范行为的积极作用,逐步提升农村居民的文明素养,培养农村居民环境保护的内生动力。     

基于环境责任保险的动态环境侵权救济体系研究

通过对环境责任保险的定义和特点的总结,以及对其环境侵权救济功能的探讨,得出结论:社会从矫正的正义观到分配的正义观的转变,是推动环境责任保险制度发展的根本原因;赋予第三人直接请求权是环境责任保险制度的重要组成部分;公共补偿制度的建立和发展是对环境责任保险制度的必要补充。在此结论的基础上,以环境侵权受害者能够得到及时有效的救济为出发点,构建了以环境责任保险制度为核心的动态侵权救济体系:民事救济作为第一层次,通过法律程序来确认侵权行为、责任主体以及赔偿额度等事项;环境责任保险作为第二层次,用来分散被保险人的污染损害赔偿责任,补偿受害者损失;公共补偿制度作为第三层次,用来补充民事救济和环境责任保险所未能覆盖到的受害者的人身、财产损失。三个层次联动配合、相互补充,从而在我国面临日益增多的环境污染事故的情况下,为受害者、企业和国家开辟了一条新的环境侵权救济之路。     

环境、气候变化和人口迁移

2009年12月哥本哈根国际气候变化会议召开,再次引发人们对全球气候变化的关注。环境、气候变化引起的人类迁移活动近年来逐步为人们所重视,但我国环境、气候变化和人口迁移方向的专项研究还相对较少。在回顾国际相关文献的基础上,本文对该领域的热点及难点问题做了梳理。除了对环境、气候变化移民概念和分类的讨论外,当前该领域的研究主要集中在以下几方面:一是在全球、国家或是地区层面上对迁移人口数量的估算,回答环境、气候变化对人口迁移影响到底有多大的问题。二是探析环境、气候变化和人口迁移之间的相互关系,特别是在环境恶化、气候变化导致人口迁移的机理研究方面。三是对相关政策响应的研究,比如如何应对环境恶化和气候变化对人口迁移的挑战、在国际和国家层面应如何制定考虑环境和气候变化因素的人口迁移管理政策等。通过介绍环境、气候变化和人口迁移方向现有国际研究趋势,揭示现存研究难点,展望未来研究前景,本文试图对我国开展该方向的研究有所启示。     

论环境产业

本文在可持续发展视角下,把环境的保护、修复、维护的生产活动及与之直接相关的服务活动称为环境产韭,包括发挥减少、避免污染环境作用的资源再利用鼗和发挥治理污染物与修复、改善环境作用的环境维护业.通过探讨环境产业的内涵、发展历程、运行机制和在产业体系中的位置与作用,指出环境产业是在法规保障下政府强行推动产生和发展起来的,是产业体系中不可缺少的重要组成部分;考虑自然环境对社会行为的影响,改进政府行为构建适台环境产业与传统产业协调发展的经济体制是加快发展环境产业的关键.     

No Meat,Less Meat,or Better Meat: Understanding NGO Messaging Choices Intended to Alter Meat Consumption in Light of Climate Change

This paper examines the factors shaping non-governmental organization (NGO) messaging decisions on how meat consumption should be altered in light of climate change. In particular, we sought to understand the relative absence of messages promoting meat-free diets and the decision of some NGOs to pair meat reduction messages with messages encouraging consumers to switch to meat from ruminant grass-fed animals. Interviews were conducted with 27 staff members from environmental, food-focused, and animal protection NGOs from the USA, Canada, and Sweden. While strategic considerations consistently led to the use of modest messages for meat reduction, NGO missions were also key to shaping the specifics of messaging goals. The relatively low personal comfort levels that some NGO staffers held toward meat-free diets also led to the use of more modest requests for meat reduction. Findings highlight the complex nature of the factors underlying the environmental communication messages of NGOs.     

Three Dimensions of Social Media Messaging Success by Environmental NGOs

Studies show that NGOs persist in using social media to impart unidirectional messages rather than taking advantage of the participatory nature of networked media. Fear of a loss of message control may be at the heart of NGOs’ desire to keep social media messages on track. The current study examines the success of an environmental NGO in keeping its social media messages under control using quantitative content analysis of an NGO-promoted hashtag, #climatemarch, during a United Nations conference on climate change in 2015. Three dimensions of social media message success – volume, topic/valence, and participants – are proposed.     

环境管理的社区运行机制

我国资源与环境管理体制的建立，需要在加强政府作用的基础上，促进以社区为基础的环境资源优化配置和合理布局，通过社区共有产权安排提高环境资源的维护和供给的效率，促进社区成员和非政府环保组织对环境管理的参与，通过社区发展解决环境问题，构建环境与人类的良好互动关系，以实现可持续发展。     

英国环境管理的公众参与及其对中国的启示

鼓励公众参与环境管理是当今国际社会重要的政策导向之一。本文从法律赋予公民环境权、环保团体在环境保护中发挥重要。作用、环境影响评价中强调公众参与三方面来介绍英国公众参与环境管理的一些做法，探讨其对中国环境管理中公众参与的启示。     

VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS IN WATERSHED PROTECTION EXPERIENCES FROM COSTA RICA

This article analyses the application of voluntary environmental agreements (VEAs) in watershed protection in Costa Rica. Next to an involvement of private energy firms, the Costa Rican state, and farmers, the participation of NGOs is a remarkable feature. From an analysis of these multi-stakeholder arrangements, it is concluded that these arrangements bring benefits to all actors involved. VEAs have been able to grow as powerful policy instruments, generating positive environmental effects. Essential is their embedded ness in a broader set of environmental policies, especially related to forest management Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Public Participation as Participatory Communication in Environmental Policy Decision-Making: From Concepts to Structured Conversations

This essay attempts to distinguish between traditional notions of public participation and participatory communication, particularly as currently practiced in non-US settings. In addition, specific tools for facilitating participatory communication are identified and discussed. The essay is based on the author's extensive experience as a conflict mediator and public participation consultant and scholar. For the past 15 years, the author has served as a consultant on matters of environmental conflict resolution, public participation, and community-based collaboration for federal and state agencies and NGOs, including the USDA Forest Service, the USDI Bureau of Land Management, the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, and the Nature Conservancy.     

Managing the village-level open-access water resources in a region facing rapidly declining water availability

Growing population, human settlements, industrialization and intensification in groundwater-based cultivation have resulted in severe onslaught on underground aquifers in West Bengal, an eastern province of India with high population density. The present paper focuses on this water resource management issue. The study shows that traditional, village-level surface water reservoirs which for centuries had supplemented irrigation in addition to providing water for all sorts of domestic needs are now in doldrums. Through statistical analysis, the study shows that for all practical purposes, there is very little effective management of these precious open-access water resources. The situation calls for paradigm shift in policy on water resource management that entails development of community-based management catalyzed by government intervention, external agencies and NGOs under supervision and control of local elected bodies.     

基于利益相关者理论的企业环境绩效影响因素研究

基于利益相关者理论,通过构建企业环境绩效与企业受到各利益相关者环境压力的计量模型,并在江苏常熟地区展开问卷调查,分析了影响企业环境绩效的利益相关者,结果表明:在该实证区域,以主动性环境管理行为度量企业环境绩效时,投资者、竞争者、消费者和社区居民等外部利益相关者对企业环境绩效的提高有显著的正影响;政府虽然给企业造成了很高的环境压力,但并不是造成企业之间环境绩效差异的原因;媒体和环保非政府组织等外部利益相关者作用尚不明显.结论说明:我国政府通过引入利益相关者参与企业环境治理,已经取得一定成效.建议我国政府继续推动环境政策创新,积极创造更多利益相关者成长的制度空间,为我国企业环境绩效的提高提供更多动力.     

Corporate Environmental Responsibility and Global Online Cross-sector Alliance Network: A Cross-national Study

With the rise of global environmental issues and the emerging trend of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporation–non-governmental organization (NGO) alliances, organizations are developing collaborative alliances across sectors and nations to address environment problems. An international perspective is needed to explain the global structure of cross-sector alliance networks and the divergence or similarity of CSR communication across nations. This exploratory study draws insights from the national business systems (NBS) approach and applies social network analysis to examine the cross-sector alliance network among Global 500 Fortune corporations and 441 environmental international NGOs. Findings suggest that (1) an NBS approach to CSR can explain the network structural features of a cross-sector alliance network; (2) political context and national education level strongly predict green partnerships; and (3) regional differences are apparent in the global network, with Asian corporations lagging behind in cross-sector alliance building.     

The Impact of Global NGOs on Japanese Press Coverage of Climate Negotiations: An Analysis of the New “Background Media Strategy”

This article assesses the success of WWF Japan’s “Background Media Strategy” in influencing Japanese mainstream news outlets’ coverage of climate change negotiations. WWF Japan adopted this “Background Media Strategy” after the Bali COP in 2007; instead of lobbying, it aims to build journalists’ expertise. This article examines its success after seven years through three research approaches: the analysis of participant lists; two surveys (conducted in 2009 and 2015); and a content analysis of climate change articles that appeared in four large mainstream newspapers between April and July 2015. Based on these different data, the author concludes that the new media strategy was successful: Japanese journalists increasingly rely on information provided by WWF Japan and less on information provided by the government and industry. This experiment suggests that a new relationship between global NGOs and the media can improve environmental communications—an approach that could help advocacy groups around the world.