乌鲁木齐市固定燃烧点源大气污染物排放清单

通过现场调研结合物料衡算法、排放因子法,建立了2015年乌鲁木齐市固定燃烧点源大气污染物CO、NO_x、SO_2和PM_(2.5)排放清单。结果表明,2015年乌鲁木齐市CO、NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)的排放量分别为4.41×10~4、6.20×10~4、4.61×10~4、1.57×10~4t;从排放污染物的行业来看,采矿与制造业对4种污染物排放的贡献最大,其对CO、NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)排放的贡献率分别为49.02%、42.17%、48.40%、78.55%。从地区分布来看,米东区污染物排放量最大,其对CO、NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)排放的贡献率分别为46.99%、45.90%、51.69%、29.68%。从排放时间来看,供暖季污染物的排放量明显高于非供暖季,白天的污染物排放量高于夜晚。采用蒙特卡罗统计法分析预测的污染物排放量与排放清单计算结果较为接近。     

乌昌石区域的非金属矿物制品业大气污染物排放清单研究

建立了乌昌石区域非金属矿物制品业CO、NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10) 5种大气污染物的排放清单,并进行了时空分布特征分析,初步探究了估算的不确定性。结果显示,乌昌石区域非金属矿物制品业CO、NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)总排放量分别为3.71×10~4、2.76×10~4、3.10×10~4、3.04×10~4、1.29×10~5 t。熟石膏行业是CO的主要排放源;水泥(干法)行业是NO_x、SO_2、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的主要排放源。乌鲁木齐市是CO、NO_x和SO_2排放量的最大贡献源;石河子市是PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)排放量的最大贡献源。乌昌石区域5月至9月是一年中污染物排放的高峰期,11:00至20:00是一天中污染物排放的高峰期。空间上,乌昌石区域的污染物排放主要分布在乌鲁木齐市中部、西南部以及石河子市。     

海南省大气污染源排放清单及环境影响研究

基于海南省2016年工业环境统计数据,通过自下而上的方法建立海南省2016年工业大气污染源排放清单,并利用中国多尺度排放清单模型(MEIC)排放清单进行背景源补充,使用CALPUFF模型进行大气污染模拟。污染物排放清单结果显示,2016年海南省SO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(2.5)、PM(10)、黑碳(BC)、有机碳(OC)、挥发性有机物(VOCs)和NH3的排放量分别为1.50×10~4、5.10×10~4、4.56×10~5、2.34×10~4、2.10×10~4、3.50×10~3、1.20×10~4、4.96×10~4、6.50×10~4 t,其中SO_2主要排放源为化石燃料固定燃烧源(分担率66.67%),NO_x主要排放源为交通源(分担率51.18%),CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)主要排放源为生活源(分担率分别59.01%、81.28%和87.62%),VOCs主要排放源为工业溶剂使用源(分担率75.91%),NH_3主要排放源为农业源(分担率93.54%)。排放量较大的区域集中在儋州市、澄迈县一带。SO_2、NO_x年均最大浓度均出现在海口市,PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)年均最大浓度均出现在定安县。交通源对全省污染物浓度贡献突出,工业源虽然对颗粒物浓度贡献率较低,但仍需加强PM_(2.5)治理。     

北京农村地区燃煤污染物的排放测试

针对农村地区燃煤炉灶设计了污染物排放因子测定系统,通过碳平衡法测定了不同炉灶不同燃料的污染物排放因子,从北京市延庆、怀柔、平谷和房山4个地区农户家中选取12种煤样,选取了北京地区应用广泛的10种土暖气炉和3种蜂窝煤炉分别测定了污染物排放因子数据。测定结果表明:土暖气炉燃烧劣质散煤的PM_(2.5)和SO_2的排放因子最高,分别为3.73 g·kg~(-1)(干燃料)和1.78 g·kg~(-1)(干燃料),燃烧优质散煤和煤球时的PM_(2.5)排放因子依次减小,分别为3.33 g·kg~(-1)(干燃料)和2.20 g·kg~(-1)(干燃料)。优质散煤的SO_2排放因子最低(0.16 g·kg~(-1)(干燃料)),NO_x的排放因子最高(2.99 g·kg~(-1)(干燃料))。当考虑单位有效热量输出时,相对于劣质散煤,燃烧优质散煤和煤球PM_(2.5)、SO_2的排放因子有所下降,PM_(2.5)分别减少了12.9%和8.4%,SO_2分别减少了91.2%和73.8%,但优质散煤NO_x排放因子增加了42.3%。结合调研数据,核算了北京农村地区燃煤污染物排放数据,结果表明,北京农村地区燃煤PM_(2.5)排放总量为1.84万t,占本地污染排放的贡献率为11.2%~16.3%。     

西安市机动车污染物排放清单与空间分布特征

基于机动车排放因子(MOVES)模型和地理信息系统(ArcGIS)技术,建立了西安市2017年分辨率为1km×1km的机动车污染物排放清单。结果显示:2017年西安市机动车污染物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_x(NO+NO_2)、NO、NO_2、N_2O和挥发性有机物(VOCs)的年排放总量分别为126.1×10~4、138.2×10~4、2 884.2×10~4、2 577.8×10~4、306.4×10~4、27.9×10~4、1 281.2×10~4 kg;柴油车是PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和NO_x排放的主要来源,贡献率分别为80.2%、79.5%和75.8%;VOCs和N_2O则主要来自汽油车,贡献率分别为74.2%、89.7%;总体看来,研究区域内不同污染物的空间分布规律相似,这与西安市公路分布有关,PM_(2.5)和NO_x的排放主要集中在主城区及周边县区的高速路和国道,而VOCs的排放主要集中在主城区二环及环内。     

基于减排敏感性的武汉市PM_(2.5)污染控制研究

采用基于气象预报(WRF)的多尺度空气质量(CMAQ)模型,通过研究不同大气污染物排放情景下PM_(2.5)平均浓度变化,分析SO_2、NO_x、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、VOCs等大气污染物减排对武汉市PM_(2.5)的影响。结果表明,大气污染物减排对武汉市PM_(2.5)年均浓度影响十分显著,且随着污染控制力度加大,PM_(2.5)污染持续减轻;当SO_2、NO_x、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、VOCs排放量均削减40%时,PM_(2.5)年均浓度下降24.0%,依然超出《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准值。基于空间布局和行业敏感性确定武汉市大气污染控制方案,方案实施后SO_2、NO_x、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、VOCs排放总量分别下降53%、26%、32%、36%和31%,PM_(2.5)年均浓度下降35%左右,控制效果更加明显。     

嘉兴市人为源大气污染物排放清单研究

建立了2017年嘉兴市人为源大气污染物排放清单。结果发现,SO_2、NO_x、CO、挥发性有机物(VOCs)、NH_3、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、黑碳(BC)和有机碳(OC)排放总量分别为15 224、60 663、102 600、93 256、26 266、118 923、70 367、19 024、941、1 622t。SO_2的最大排放源是化石燃料固定燃烧源中的电力供热;NO_x的最大排放源是移动源中的柴油车;CO的最大排放源是移动源中的汽油车;VOCs的最大排放源是工艺过程源中的石油化工;NH_3的最大排放源是农业源中的氮肥施用;TSP的最大排放源是扬尘源中的道路扬尘;PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的最大排放源是工艺过程源中的水泥生产;BC的最大排放源是移动源中的柴油车;OC的最大排放源是餐饮油烟源中的餐饮油烟。对于大气污染中普遍关注的6种污染物,SO_2、NO_x、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和VOCs排放的重点源主要集中在各县(市、区)的工业园区或工业集聚区,而NH_3的排放空间分布相对比较分散。     

三明市大气污染物排放特征研究

通过实地调查和统计获得区县尺度排放源活动水平数据,采用物料衡算法和排放因子法,估算三明市2015年大气污染物排放清单,选取经纬度坐标、路网、土地类型和人口等数据作为权重因子,利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术建立1km×1km高精度网格,分析各类排放源污染排放的数值和空间特征。结果显示,2015年三明市SO_2、NO_x、挥发性有机物(VOCs)、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和NH_3的排放总量分别为5.22×10~4、5.80×10~4、1.88×10~5、7.92×10~4、3.23×10~4、2.26×10~4 t。污染贡献方面:工业源是SO_2的排放主要来源;NO_x的主要排放源为工业源和移动源;天然源对VOCs排放有显著贡献;工业源和扬尘源是PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的主要贡献源;NH_3排放主要来自农业源。空间分布方面:SO_2、NO_x、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的排放主要集中在城镇化程度高的永安市和梅列区,VOCs与NH_3排放则与植被分布和农业生产水平密切相关。与2007年和2009年三明市的排放清单对比,发现工业排放控制政策及秸秆禁烧令的实施对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和VOCs的减排有明显效果。     

西安市机动车污染控制策略实施效益评估

为研究未来西安市机动车污染控制策略的实施效果,基于情景分析法,以MOVES模型为平台,预测2020年西安市机动车PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_x、总碳氢化合物(THC)、CO、SO_2排放量分别为1 531.41、1 596.33、44 159.48、14 029.62、383 200.08、5 164.63t。设置5类不同控制措施情景,分析其对机动车的减排效果。结果显示:单一措施中,淘汰"黄标车"和老旧车对污染减排效果最明显,6种污染物均有较大幅度减排;调控轻型客车保有量可明显削减THC、CO的排放,减排比例分别为13.49%、18.59%;提升燃油质量可使各车型SO_2的减排比例均达到90%以上;使用替代燃料情景的污染物减排比例相对较低,但也是一种有效的控制策略;综合控制措施的减排效果最为显著,与基准情景相比,2020年PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_x、THC、CO和SO_2减排比例分别为78.50%、78.37%、71.77%、72.47%、76.94%、98.30%。     

长株潭区域生物质开放燃烧的大气污染物排放清单及不确定性分析

根据2012年长株潭区域生物质产量及露天焚烧数据,结合排放因子,估算了长株潭区域生物质开放燃烧所排放的大气污染物量,建立了2012年长株潭区域生物质开放燃烧大气污染物排放清单。结果表明,2012年长株潭区域生物质开放燃烧源SO_2、NO_X、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、挥发性有机物(VOCs)、CO、元素碳(EC)、有机碳(OC)排放量分别为783.48、4 248.00、10 325.94、10 117.29、6 882.92、76 002.99、816.09、3 478.28t。秸秆露天焚烧大气污染物排放量在7、10月形成2个峰值,森林火灾集中出现在夏、秋季。生物质开放燃烧污染物排放量最大的县区为长沙市宁乡县,其次为湘潭市湘潭县和长沙市浏阳县。在长株潭中心区域(长沙市开福区、湘潭市岳塘区、株洲市石峰区、荷塘区和芦淞区等城市区域)形成一片污染物排放量较小的区域。采用蒙特卡罗法,计算得到区域秸秆露天焚烧源和森林火灾大气污染物排放量95%置信区间的不确定性分别为-84%~168%、-83%~176%。通过定量模拟得到秸秆露天焚烧PM2.5排放量概率密度函数呈对数正态分布。以PM2.5为代表污染物,对其排放量的不确定性贡献率最大的是露天焚烧比例,燃烧效率、水稻产量、水稻草谷比等也是不确定性的重要来源。     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Dioxin- and POP-contaminated sites—contemporary and future relevance and challenges

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Once they have been generated, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can persist in soils and sediments and in waste repositories for periods extending from decades to centuries. In 1994, the US EPA concluded that contaminated sites and other reservoirs are likely to become the major source of contemporary pollution problems with these substances. With this in mind, this article is the first in a new series in ESPR under the title 'Case Studies on Dioxin and POP Contaminated Sites--Contemporary and Future Relevance and Challenges', which will address this important issue. The series will document various experiences from sites contaminated with PCDD/F and other POPs. This article provides an overview of the content of the articles comprising the series. In addition, it provides a review of the subject in its own right and identifies the key issues arising from dioxin/POP-contaminated sites. Additionally, it highlights the important conclusions that can be drawn from these examples. The key aim of this article and of the series as a whole is to provide a comprehensive overview of the types of PCDD/F contaminated sites that exist as a result of historical activities. It details the various processes whereby these sites became contaminated and attempts to evaluate their contemporary relevance as sources of PCDD/Fs and other POPs. It also details the various strategies used to assess these historical legacies of contamination and the concepts developed, or which are under development, to effect their remediation. MAIN FEATURES: Special sessions on 'Contaminated sites--Cases, remediation, risk and policy' were held at the DIOXIN conferences in 2006 and 2007, and this theme will be continued at DIOXIN 2008 to be held in Birmingham. Selected cases from the approximately 70 contributions made to these sessions, together with some additional invited case studies are outlined together with the key issues they raise. By evaluating these cases and adding details of experiences published in the current literature, an overview will be given of the different features and challenges of dioxin and POP-contaminated sites. RESULTS: This article provides a systematic categorisation of types of PCDD/F and POP-contaminated sites. These are categorised according to the chemical or manufacturing process, which generated the PCDD/Fs or POPs and also includes the use and disposal aspects of the product life cycle in question. The highest historical PCDD/F and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination burdens have arisen as a result of the production of chlorine and of chlorinated organic chemicals. In particular, the production of chlorinated pesticides, PCBs and the related contaminated waste streams are identified being responsible for historical releases of toxic equivalents (TEQs) at a scale of many tonnes. Along with such releases, major PCDD/F contaminated sites have been created through the application or improper disposal of contaminated pesticides, PCBs and other organochlorine chemicals, as well through the recycling of wastes and their attempted destruction. In some extreme examples, PCDD/F contaminated sites have also resulted from thermal processes such as waste incinerators, secondary metal industries or from the recycling or deposition of specific waste (e.g. electronic waste or car shredder wastes), which often contain chlorinated or brominated organic chemicals. The examples of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB contamination of fish in European rivers or the impact of contaminated sites upon fishing grounds and upon other food resources demonstrate the relevance of these historical problems to current and future human generations. Many of the recent food contamination problems that have emerged in Europe and elsewhere demonstrate how PCDD/F and dioxin like PCBs from historical sources can directly contaminate human and animal feedstuffs and indeed highlight their considerable contemporary relevance in this respect. Accordingly, some key experiences and lessons learnt regarding the production, use, disposal and remediation of POPs from the contaminated sites are summarised. DISCUSSION: An important criterion for evaluating the significance and risks of PCDD/Fs and other POPs at contaminated sites is their present or future potential for mobility. This, in turn, determines to a large degree their propensity for off-site transport and environmental accessibility. The detailed evaluation of contaminated site cases reveals different site-specific factors, which influence the varied pathways through which poor water-soluble POPs can be mobilised. Co-contaminants with greater water solubility are also typically present at such sites. Hence, pumping of groundwater (pump and treat) is often required in addition to attempting to physically secure a site. At an increasing number of contaminated sites, securing measures are failing after relatively short time spans compared to the time horizon, which applies to persistent organic pollutant contamination. Due to the immense costs and challenges associated with remediation of contaminated sites 'monitored natural attenuation' is increasingly gaining purchase as a conceptual remediation approach. However, these concepts may well prove limited in their practical application to contaminated sites containing persistent organic pollutants and other key pollutants like heavy metals. CONCLUSIONS: It is inevitable, therefore, that dioxin/POP-contaminated sites will remain of contemporary and future relevance. They will continue to represent an environmental issue for future generations to address. The securing and/or remediation of dioxin/POP-contaminated sites is very costly, generally in the order of tens or hundreds of millions of dollars. Secured landfills and secured production sites need to be considered as constructions not made for 'eternity' but built for a finite time scale. Accordingly, they will need to be controlled, supervised and potentially repaired/renewed. Furthermore, the leachates and groundwater impacted by these sites will require ongoing monitoring and potential further remediation. These activities result in high maintenance costs, which are accrued for decades or centuries and should, therefore, be compared to the fully sustainable option of complete remediation. The contaminated site case studies highlight that, while extensive policies and established funds for remediation exist in most of the industrialised western countries, even these relatively well-regulated and wealthy countries face significant challenges in the implementation of a remediation strategy. This highlights the fact that ultimately only the prevention of contaminated sites represents a sustainable solution for the future and that the Polluter Pays Principle needs to be applied in a comprehensive way to current problems and those which may emerge in the future. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: With the continuing shift of industrial activities in developing and transition economies, which often have poor regulation (and weak self-regulation of industries), additional global challenges regarding POPs and other contaminated sites may be expected. In this respect, a comprehensive application of the "polluter pays principle" in these countries will also be a key to facilitate the clean-up of contaminated areas and the prevention of future contaminated sites. The threats and challenges of contaminated sites and the high costs of securing/remediating the problems highlight the need for a comprehensive approach based upon integrated pollution prevention and control. If applied to all polluting (and potentially polluting) industrial sectors around the globe, such an approach will prove to be both the cheapest and most sustainable way to underpin the development of industries in developing and transition economies.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。     

Sources and fate of PCDD and PCDF

PCDD and PCDF were found in urban air particulates from St. Louis and Washington, D.C., and in sediments from the Great Lakes and Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. The similarity between the PCDD and PCDF found in air particulates and sediment samples and the presence of PCDD and PCDF in sediment from Siskiwit Lake (a location which can receive only atmospheric inputs) suggest that these compounds are emitted to the atmosphere from combustion sources. The historical input of PCDD and PCDF to dated sediment cores shows a strong increase since 1940, and this suggests that the incineration of chlorinated organic compounds is an important source of PCDD and PCDF to the environment.