涂层/金属体系腐蚀试验方法研究发展现状

对涂层/金属体系进行腐蚀试验是考察其耐腐蚀性能的方法之一。本文对现有主要的涂层/金属体系腐蚀试验方法进行了归纳,并总结了加速腐蚀试验方案制定的一般原则,最后指出了各腐蚀试验方法的发展方向。     

两种塑料电镀工艺的耐腐蚀性能研究

通过塑料电镀黑铬件、塑料电镀白铬件在铜加速乙酸盐雾试验及整车强化腐蚀试验中的腐蚀表征,对比两种塑料电镀工艺的耐腐蚀性能的差异;通过铜加速乙酸盐雾试验、整车强化腐蚀试验对两种电镀工艺的耐腐蚀性能进行分析,结果表明黑铬工艺的耐腐蚀性能弱于白铬电镀工艺,并通过SEM分析对其耐腐蚀性能的差异进行机理分析。     

铝合金表面用导电屏蔽涂层耐介质腐蚀行为研究

通过研究不同尺寸及分布的银粉对涂层表面电阻的影响，确定了导电屏蔽涂料最佳配方，制备了一种高导电、耐腐蚀涂层。采用SEM、EDS、四探针电阻测试仪等分析涂层在空气、水、盐水、中性盐雾、酸性盐雾中表面形貌及性能变化，从而揭示涂层腐蚀行为。结果表明：经历500 h试验后，涂层在空气中几乎没有发生变化，但是在含水等电解质的环境中腐蚀迅速，并且腐蚀速率具有纯水<水汽<盐水<中性盐雾<酸性盐雾的特征。腐蚀的主要原因是由于基材Al与涂层形成了电偶腐蚀，腐蚀初期表现为起泡，随着腐蚀的加剧，涂层表面布满白色、黄色、褐色的疏松腐蚀产物且漆膜出现脱落，当腐蚀进一步加剧扩大，疏松产物转变为较为致密的产物附着于涂层表面，此外，涂层导电性能会随着腐蚀程度的变化出现不同等级的下降。     

应用于高盐高辐照环境下的钢结构涂层防护行为研究

为研究在严酷环境下涂层对钢结构的防护性能,本文通过对应用于钢结构外表面、内表面以及钢支架的涂层进行了1年的现场暴露试验以及2000h的模拟加速腐蚀试验,积累了涂层在钢结构的老化数据,获取了涂层的腐蚀等级评级。结果表明：现场暴露1年后,载荷尚未产生明显的影响,所有涂层均未出现失光、变色、粉化、开裂、起泡等老化现象;经过2000h盐雾试验后,涂层表面形貌未发生明显变化,涂层未出现起泡、开裂和出锈等现象,表明涂层具有良好抗盐雾和水汽的渗透能力;经过2000h紫外老化试验后,涂层均未出现严重的老化现象,但都出现了不同程度的变色和粉化现象。     

输变电电塔设备防护涂层耐腐蚀性能研究

输变电电塔在运行过程中常受到环境的侵蚀，会降低服役时间。当前常见的腐蚀防护工艺以涂层防护为主，但常见的牺牲阳极性涂层具有结合力低、难修补和施工成本较高等问题。本文以金属Zn/Al-Zn涂层作为保护性金属涂层，通过电化学测试、腐蚀失重和盐雾实验等方法评价涂层性能，结果表明，Al-Zn涂层可大幅度降低基材的腐蚀速度，应用前景较大。     

飞机涂层老化模式及日历寿命预测

介绍一种评估飞机结构防护涂层老化的方法—当量法。这种方法利用涂层大气幕寡试验和加速试验数据,建立统一的老化模型,从而确定涂层自然老化与加速试验老化的当量关系,并且给出了涂层老化当量关系的计算结果,进而得到了涂层使用寿命。通过试验结果与计算结果的比较所建立的老化模型描述飞机结构涂层老化是合适的。现已用于评估某飞机涂层的老化。     

铝合金/高强度钢连接件西沙暴露试验

选取某飞机铝合金/高强度钢连接件开展西沙暴露试验,掌握连接件腐蚀变化趋势。结果表明,连接件保护涂层耐老化性能良好,采用湿装配有效避免了电偶腐蚀和缝隙腐蚀,连接件背面螺栓、螺母和铆钉（30CrMnSiA,表面镀镉）为其腐蚀薄弱环节,需加强防护。     

航空聚氨酯涂层老化分析

随着飞机服役时间的增长,其结构表面的有机涂层逐渐老化失效,最终导致机体金属结构的腐蚀。基于某沿海机场的严酷环境条件,依据编制的适用于有机涂层的加速试验谱,开展涂层加速老化试验,分析涂层老化规律。     

绝缘子防护涂层的研制,应用及试验

清华大学研制的绝缘子防污闪、憎水、长效防护涂层经过近八年自然老化和多种污源地区大范围现场运行的考验,获得良好的使用效果,深受用户的欢迎并取得了显著的经济效益。本文简述了该类防护涂层在国内外的应用和发展情况,介绍了该涂层的基本性能和试验方法,并给出了该涂层的主要试验结果。     

加速腐蚀条件下民用飞机铆接件的腐蚀老化行为与机理研究

研究了某型飞机机身蒙皮铆接件在实验室加速腐蚀条件下的腐蚀失效行为与机理。宏观形貌、微观形貌和电化学阻抗谱的测试结果表明试验件在第6个加速试验周期后,表面涂层颜色变化明显;在第11个周期后,反面铆钉边缘存在涂层剥落和轻微鼓泡现象,试验件平面处和铆钉处涂层电化学阻抗模值均有所减小,但铆钉处的减小幅度相对更大。     

Principles for retrofitting coal burners for oxy-combustion

Experiments were performed in a 1.5 MW pilot-scale furnace to investigate the differences between air- and oxy-fired flame behavior from a pulverized coal oxy-research burner designed for flexible operating conditions. The flame behavior was characterized by recording video images of the flames and by measuring radiation intensity along the flame length. Various strategies relating air- and oxy-fired operation of the burner primary register were investigated where the oxy-fired burner primary mass, momentum and velocity were matched to the air-fired conditions. Matching either burner primary mass or momentum under oxy-fired conditions with air-fired conditions resulted in a flame stabilized within the quarl. Matching primary velocity with air-fired conditions resulted in a detached flame indicating a delay in flame ignition for the oxyfired conditions. A decrease in primary velocity of 13% was necessary in order to stabilize a flame within the quarl similar to the air-fired case. Additional experiments also showed a flame could be stabilized with no oxygen enrichment of the primary (～3 vol.%, dry O₂ in the primary). Experiments where oxygen was injected at the burner face indicated injection at the boundary of the primary and secondary flow paths strongly attach a flame and injection at the coal rich primary flow path increased the radiative intensity of the flame.     

Measuring for success in communications for permits

Today, U.S. corporations are discovering the merit of combining the principles of total quality environmental management (TQEM) into their measurement and communications programs. This approach has been particularly productive in the permitting process that is necessary for starting, expanding, or sustaining plant operations—a procedure that can easily be thwarted in the absence of a prominent and aggressive communications component. The need to benchmark and measure such a communication program'S progress is critical both for internal management and for environmental regulators concerned that an applicant demonstrate a high degree of public involvement.     

The case for an integrated programme for commodities

This article argues that much of the economic criticism of the Integrated Programme for Commodities has been based on outdated and simplistic models and that fears of ‘dirigisme’ and price raising derive from a misunderstanding of the fundamental focus of the IPC on price stabilization. Moreover, the proposed IPC would, it is argued, generate benefits significantly in exces of its costs, which themselves have often been exaggerated. The article concludes by arguing that compensatory finance should be viewed as complementary to, not competitive with, the IPC.     

A design for environment methodology for evaluating materials

Industrial ecology is a new multidisciplinary field of study requiring that economic activity be integrated with, and have minimal impact on, surrounding natural systems. This systems-based approach is beginning to be implemented in private firms through the development of Design for Environment (DFE) methodologies and tools which support the integration of technological and environmental considerations in all economic activities. As part of this development process, a matrix system is proposed by the author by which the environmental and energy costs embedded in materials as used in generic applications may be identified, facilitating environmentally and economically efficient selection of materials. This Material Environmental Evaluation Matrix is supported by checklists which inform the evaluation process. A set of completed matrices for major materials in common applications forms the basis for an Environmentally Efficient Materials Database (EEMD). Once completed, the EEMD would inform consumers, product and process designers, business planners and managers, regulators and government purchasers, public interest groups, and others in their choice of optimal, environmentally and economically efficient, material options.     

美国环保署农药地下水风险评估模型

在介绍美国农药环境风险评估的概念、分级、地下水农药监测情况及水资源的立法保护等基础上,重点阐述了美国环保署在农药登记管理过程中使用的2个地下水风险评估模型,即SCI-GROW和PRZM-GW模型。SCI-GROW是以好氧条件土壤半衰期和土壤有机碳分配系数为自变量的经验线性回归模型,而PRZM-GW则是描述农药在土壤中运动的一维、有限差分模型。本文通过对美国环保署这2个特点鲜明的模型的介绍,希望能为我国的农药地下水风险评估及模型的开发提供一个新视角。     

Environmental flows for rivers and economic compensation for irrigators

Securing flows for environmental purposes from an already fully utilized river is an impossible task--unless users are either coerced into freeing up water, or offered incentives to do so. One sensible strategy for motivating users to liberate volumes is to offer them economic compensation. The right amount for that compensation then becomes a key environmental management issue. This paper analyses a proposal to restore and maintain ecosystems on a stretch of the Río Conchos in northern Mexico, downstream from a large irrigation district that consumes nearly all local flows. We present here estimates of environmental flow requirements for these ecosystems and compute compensation figures for irrigators. These figures are derived from crop-specific irrigation water productivities we statistically estimate from a large set of historical production and irrigation data obtained from the district. This work has general implications for river ecosystem management in water-stressed basins, particularly in terms of the design of fair and effective water sharing mechanisms.     

Benchmarking for continuous performance improvement: Tactics for success

Benchmarking is a powerful management technique that can help improve an organization's environmental performance on a number of dimensions. Benchmarking is not a cookbook solution but a systematic process of searching for the organization that is the best at a given process (“best-in-class”) and continually adopting or adapting new processes to accelerate improvement. As a continual process including planning, analysis, integration, action, and maturity phases, benchmarking should be integrated into the planning stage of the management system. Once processes are strategically identified, they can be improved within the company's Total Quality Management program. Many benefits, such as teamwork and job satisfaction, accompany benchmarking, but the greatest companywide advantage is becoming more competitive. Finding a suitable partner is crucial to the success of the benchmarking process. This article shows the traditional one-on-one approach is the most effective because it saves time and money that allows organizations to learn from each other. In addition, examples of where benchmarking partners may be found, as well as several success indicators in the benchmarking process, are presented. Since the ultimate intent of benchmarking is positive change, the difference between reengineering and continuous performance improvement and the role benchmarking plays in each is also discussed.     

旅游商品发展对策思考

发展旅游商品是近年来中国旅游经济理论和实践中的热点问题之一，本文提出并论述了制定旅游商品发展规划，培育开发主体，在市场调研基础上科学开发，有效组织生产，市场建设与规范和宣传促销六大对策措施。