黄河三角洲附近海域浮游植物多样性

以文献资料和定性调查结果，综合分析了黄河三角洲附近海域浮游植物物物种多样性；以１９９６年定量调查资料，研究了浮游植物多样度以及与均度、单纯度之间的关系。结果表明：该海域共鉴定出浮游植物７２种，占本海域已记录浮游植物１１６种（变种）的６２％，分占中国海和渤海已记录种类的５％和１９％；浮游植物多样度在０．１９～２．１０之间，均度在０．２７～０．９７之间，单纯度在０．１４～０．９１之间；多样度与均度呈显     

黄河三角洲附近海域底栖动物多样性及其保护措施

在对黄河王角洲附近海域３０个站点底栖动物调查基础上，辅以文献资料法，综合分析了底栖动物物种多样性，研究了生物多样度以及与均度、单纯度之间的关系，并提出了保护底栖动物多样性的措施。结果表明：该海域共记录底栖动物２２２种，物种较为丰富；生物多样度为０～４．４２，均度为０～２．０１，单纯度为０．１１～１．００；多样度与均度呈显著的正相关，与单纯度呈显著的负相关。     

2009-2021年夏季长江口海域浮游生物群落结构时空分布特征及其影响因素研究

为了探究夏季长江口海域浮游生物群落结构特征及其影响因素,根据2009-2021年夏季长江口海域大中型浮游生物及水质监测数据,通过盐度5‰和25‰等值线将长江口海域划分为口门区(盐度<5‰)、河口区(盐度5‰～25‰)和海水区(盐度>25‰),通过优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数以及排序分析法,分区分析浮游生物群落结构时空分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明：(1)时间上,浮游植物物种数量和细胞数量呈上升趋势,群落结构以硅藻为主,甲藻占比近年来有所升高.浮游动物物种数量、密度和生物量整体呈下降趋势,群落组成以桡足类动物为主.空间上,浮游植物和浮游动物物种数量呈现出由口门区向海水区递增的趋势,与盐度分布较为一致.(2)浮游动物多样性水平整体优于浮游植物,二者生物多样性空间分布较为一致.其中,海水区浮游生物多样性和丰富度均较高,结构复杂;口门区浮游生物种类少,但均匀度较高;河口区浮游生物种类较多但分布不均匀.(3)冗余分析结果表明,水温、盐度、光照、营养盐是影响浮游生物生长的主要因素.除环境要素外,生物间的捕食作用对...     

模拟秋茄湿地系统中镍、铜的分布积累与迁移

温室中建立模拟湿地系统。对照组用１５‰的人工海水，污水处理组分别用正常、５倍和１０倍浓度的人工污水定时、定量对模拟系统污灌一年，用于研究Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ在系统中的分配与迁移。结果表明：污水中的Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ主要存留于土壤中，占８８．１３％－９４．１２％；留存于植物体中的占０．１０％－０．３４％；凋落物占０．０２％－０．０９％。由植物吸收的Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ主要分布于根部，分别占总量的３１．０８％－５６．１９％和７．     

酸化水体中的浮游生物及其与主要化学因子的关系

１９９１－１９９２年对重庆市郊若干酸化水体的生物待正与理化参数进行综合研究的结果表明，藻类的种类数、细胞密度、生物量和叶绿素ａ含量以及浮游动物的种类数等均与呈正相关，但与Ｈ＋和总Ａｌ浓度呈负相关。浮游动物的个体密度在酸化水体中明显下降，但是鱼的捕食作用掩盖了其与上述化学参数之间的相关性。水体中Ｈ＋和总Ａｌ浓度的增加在很大程度上对浮游生物产生了不利影响，水体的透明度、总Ａｌ．ＴＰ和ＳＯ与ｐＨ的相关性十分明显，ｒ值分别为－０．６３７５、－０．６８６８、０．７５６１和０．７３２３。     

饮用水中超痕量镉的蒸气发生：原子荧光光谱法测定

研究了在特制测Ｃｄ固体试剂存在的水溶液中，Ｃｄ与ＫＢＨ４反应生成挥发性物种，以无色散原子荧光光谱法测定饮用水中超痕量Ｃｄ的分析方法，ＣＤＳＲ－１能巧妙地调节反应体系的ＰＨ值，使其达到最佳测定ＰＨ范围，且能提高挥发性物种发生率，方法的灵敏度可提高１－２数量级，方法线性范围为０－５μｇ／Ｌ，最低检出浓度为０．０８μｇ／Ｌ；精密度实验的变异系数为１．３％；回收率为９３．０％－１０６．０％。     

在线树脂富集流动注射法测定水中痕量酚

研究了用流动注射分析中的流体动力学注入技术与在线树脂富集相结合的方式，富集水中痕量苯酚，以４－氨基安替比林比色法测定的方法。结果表明，当进样频率为２４个样品每小时时，方法的检出限为０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ，线性范围为０．０５～７ｍｇ／Ｌ；对水中苯酚重复测定１０次，相对标准偏差小于２％；回收率为９９％～１０５％。     

新疆盘羊种群结构与资源现状

１９９０～１９９４年，结合国际狩猎场规划，对新疆６个代表区域盘羊Ｏｖｉｓａｍｍｏｎ种群作了专题研究。涉及盘羊准噶尔亚种Ｏ．ａ．ｓｅｉｒｅｓｉｓ、南天山亚种Ｏ．ａ．ｋａｒｅｌｉｎｉ和阿尔金山亚种Ｏ．ａ．ｄａｌａｉ ｌａｍｏｅ。调查面积８３４６ｋm₂，约占新疆盘羊分布总面积的１１．１％。共统计到８６６只个体。集群类型中，母子群占总群数３１．９％，混合群占２１．７％，雄性群占４６．４％。根据不同区域统计７５群计算，平均每群８．８９（３．９５～１１．６）头，其中１～１０头群占７３．３％；１１～２０头群占１７．３％；２１～３０头群占２．７％；３１～４０头群占４％；４１～５０头群占２．７％。集群规模与栖息密度呈正相关。不同区域性比组成差异显著，雄雌比从１∶０．５４～１∶３．５４不等，平均为１∶１．７８。栖息密度以若羌阿尔金山最高，达１．６７±０３３头／ｋm₂，其次为玛依力山、艾尔宾山等，推算考察区共有盘羊３８３２～６３５４头。     

菲律宾蛤仔Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd及遗传杂合度的相互关系研究

测定了中国北方５个群体（青岛、烟台、兴城、大连、丹东）菲律宾蛤仔体内Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ含量，研究了４种重金属之间的相互关系及与遗传杂合度的相互关系。结果表明，Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ和Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ具有显著的相关性；Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ相关系数最大为０．９８３２，线性方程为：Ｃｚｎ＝５．２０７Ｃｃｕ－７．５８１６；Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ与杂合度相关系数为正，ｂｐ与杂合度相关系数为负，相关性均不显著。     

建筑施工噪声的调查研究

某建筑公司生产性噪声调查表明：１３８个测点噪声Ｌｅｑ为７４～１１２ｄＢ（Ａ），平均Ｌｅｑ为８９２ｄＢ（Ａ），噪声污染分指数ＰＮ为０．９９～１．４９，其中８３．３％的测点集中在８０～１００ｄＢ（Ａ）区间，超标率５２９％。噪声距离衰减呈高度负相关（γ＝－０．９９０２，ρ＜０．０１）。暴露于噪声环境下的生产人数占总生产人数的２７．７％，暴露于９０ｄＢ（Ａ）以上的人数占全部暴露人数的８４．８％。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.