聚烯丙基氯化铵调控的中空多孔磷酸八钙超结构及其对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性

环境友好、价格低廉且易于批量化生产的矿物基吸附剂在环境污染物去除方面越来越显现出其优越性,但以往的研究多集中于晶相的矿物吸附剂,有关亚稳相的研究相对较少.因此,本文通过仿生矿化的方法,以聚烯丙基氯化铵（PAH）作为生长调节剂,在气相扩散过程中成功制备了由超薄纳米片构筑的中空、多孔磷酸八钙（Octacalcium Phosphate,OCP）微球.结果发现,制备的吸附剂具有较高的比表面积和孔隙率,且高分辨电镜图片显示其具有一定的非晶纳米区域,并对重金属离子Pb（II）表现出优越的吸附特性.吸附实验证明,OCP/PAH对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和准二级吸附动力学模型,最高吸附量可达1644.74 mg·g^-1.该亚稳相矿物吸附剂出色的重金属吸附性能,为开发新型矿物吸附剂提供了新思路.     

新污染物共排放对生态环境监测和管理的挑战

从跨学科研究的角度,以氟化工行业为例,探讨了全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）和臭氧层消耗物质（ODS）两大类新污染物的共排放问题.从生产过程上解析两类物质的共生产机制,构建其内在联系;在排放途径上分析其差异性及交叉过程,剖析在样品采集、前处理和仪器分析方面所需的技术手段和挑战.在生态环境效应方面综合评估了两类污染物在不同介质中产生的生态和人群健康风险、臭氧层破坏和全球暖化效应.进一步拓展利益相关方分析、生命周期分析和质量平衡分析的视角,为新污染物共排放的研究和管理提供建议.     

临江河水生生物体中重金属含量的模糊评价

水体的环境变化直接影响着水生生物的质量,重金属在水生生物中的富集含量,在很大程度上说明水生生物受污染的状况。本文主要研究评价了临江河水生生物中重金属的状况,为该河水生生物资源的开发利用提供科学依据。      

A dual-mesh approach to ring-rolling simulations with emphasis on remeshing

In this paper, we present a ring-rolling simulation technique, with emphasis on remeshing capabilities. The technique is based on a dual-mesh approach, in which a finite element analysis model is divided into fine sectors and coarse sectors, and three different kinds of remeshing are used. The first of these, which is obligatory, replaces a coarse sector with a fine sector when the coarse sector approaches a plastic deformation zone. The second and third kinds, which are introduced in this study, respectively involve changing the number of sectors and changing the grid system of the frames used to construct the sectors. These remeshing schemes are discussed in detail, and several applications are utilized to demonstrate their characteristics and capabilities in the dual-mesh approach to ring-rolling simulations.     

Ubiquity of parasporin-1 producers in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus thuringiensis</Emphasis> natural populations of Japan

Parasporin, a Bacillus thuringiensis parasporal protein, is unique in having a strong cytocidal activity preferential for human cancer cells. In this study, we characterized parasporin activities associated with three novel geographical isolates of B. thuringiensis. Parasporal inclusion proteins of the three isolates were highly toxic to human uterus cervix cancer cells (HeLa), but not to non-cancer uterine smooth muscle cells (UtSMC). Inclusions of the isolates lacked insect toxicity and hemolytic activity against sheep erythrocytes. Ouchterlony immunodiffusion tests revealed that the proteins of the three isolates are immunologically closely related to parasporin-1 (Cry31A), but dissimilar to the three other existing parasporin groups. Our results provide evidence that the parasporin-1-producing organism is a common member in B. thuringiensis populations occurring in natural environments of Japan.     

基于原位生物测试的水生态风险评估技术研究

我国流域水环境呈现典型的复合污染特征,亟需发展基于生物效应的生态风险评估方法,以实现环境管理和生态修复的精准化.在野外原位暴露下受试生物受到多种污染物的共同胁迫,可以准确表征研究位点复合污染所产生的生态风险.原位生物测试较传统实验室生物测试具有更高的环境真实性和生态相关性,较野外生物监测对生物体承受的外源污染压力更清晰、可控.综述了基于原位生物测试的水生态风险评估技术,旨在促进该技术在我国水环境监测中的应用,提高生态风险评估的准确度.总结了国内外近年来原位生物测试的研究特色,详细阐述了实施过程中受试生物选择、暴露装置设计和研究位点选择的原则,以及原位生物测试方法在水环境生态风险评估中的应用案例.结果表明:①对原位生物测试实施要素进行规范化形成标准,将有利于该方法在环境管理中的推广应用.②利用原位生物效应、原位生物体内浓度以及二者与环境浓度相结合进行风险评估,是原位生物测试在生态风险评估中的三类应用类型.③原位生物暴露与被动采样的联合应用可同步获取原位生物效应和污染物生物可利用浓度,有利于实现全面准确的风险评估,应用潜力较大.研究表明,选用本土模式生物,采用多层次的毒性终点,设计简单有效的暴露装置,并同时考虑原位生物效应和环境浓度将有利于原位生物测试方法在我国的发展.      

Carbon accounting for forest harvesting and wood products: review and evaluation of different approaches

Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, more than 160 countries are required to report their national greenhouse gas inventories. To help countries meet this requirement, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) prepared guidelines for inventorying greenhouse gases. These guidelines are regularly reviewed to ensure that they are based on the best scientific knowledge. In May 1998, in Dakar, Senegal, an IPCC expert meeting reviewed and evaluated three approaches for accounting for carbon from forest harvesting and wood products. They are the atmospheric-flow, stock-change and production approaches. In the future, governments may decide to include one of the three approaches in the land-use change and forestry module of the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Here, we demonstrate how such approaches can be evaluated using technical, scientific and policy criteria. The purpose of this evaluation is to help policy-makers potentially choose an approach for the IPCC Guidelines. This paper presents the framework of the evaluation by separating the technical and policy issues of each approach, but it does not make policy recommendations. On technical and scientific grounds, a group of experts found that the three approaches gave similar results at a global level. Data availability is not a critical factor in choosing between the approaches. However, at the national level, the approaches can differ significantly, for example, in terms of their system boundaries. Depending on technical features of each approach, credits and debits for CO₂ flows or changes in carbon stock in wood products are accounted for differently among countries that produce or consume wood. This leads to differing incentives for conserving or enhancing carbon stocks in forests, the use of imported wood products and woodfuels and waste minimisation strategies. Each approach has different implications.     

Every product casts a shadow: but can we see it,and can we act on it?

This article presents a conceptual exploration of the use of environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) in environmental product policy. Environmental LCA is a scientific technique for evaluating the potential environmental impacts of a product, process or activity along its physical life cycle, i.e. from raw materials extraction to the disposal of released materials to nature. The utilization of LCA in environmental policy is evaluated here with the use of concepts from the research tradition of social studies of science and technology (SST). Three different ways of using LCA are identified: a definitive approach, a conceptual approach and a facilitative approach. Examples of each approach are presented and discussed. The strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches are analyzed, leading to the tentative conclusion that LCA works better as a conceptual or facilitative instrument than as a tool for gaining definitive support for specific policies. Finally, LCA is discussed as an illustration of the problems inherent in the current cause-oriented, integrative trend in environmental policy.     

Scientist and stakeholder perspectives of transdisciplinary research: Early attitudes,expectations, and tensions

Transdisciplinary approaches are becoming increasingly adopted as a way to research complex socio-environmental problems. Conceptually, transdisciplinarity aims to foster meaningful knowledge co-production through integrative and participatory processes that bring together diverse actors, disciplines, and knowledge bases. In practice, transdisciplinarity is more ambiguous. While there is a growing body of literature on such approaches, there remains no widely-accepted definition, concrete framework, or empirical strategy for how to carry out a transdisciplinary project. We propose that this lack of explicit structure and entrenched meaning leaves space for transdisciplinary approaches to be shaped by the evolving network of participating scientists and stakeholders, according to their perspectives of the approach and what it embodies. Here, we examine the perspectives of a diverse group of actors (n = 42) embarking on a 10-year transdisciplinary research project focused on building resilience to natural hazards and disasters in New Zealand. We present the findings of qualitative surveys and group interviews that investigate stakeholders’ and scientists’ early perspectives of transdisciplinary, or co-created, research. The study represents the first stage of longitudinal research that will continue over the course of the project. Results show that early actors in the project share an overall consistent understanding of co-created research. Participants described a process that integrated diverse people and knowledge; created benefits on both a social and personal level; fostered clear, two-way dialogue; and overcame pragmatic and intrinsic challenges. Collectively, participants agreed with adopting transdisciplinary approaches to natural hazard, risk, and resilience research, with stakeholders showing a stronger degree of agreement than scientists. While attitudes towards transdisciplinarity were overall positive, a number of underlying conflicts emerged in regards to carrying out new modes of knowledge production within traditional social and institutional structures. These conflicts result in a tension that is felt by actors involved in transdisciplinary projects early on, and in some cases, influences perception of their ability to fully participate in such an approach. Evaluating actor perspectives and expectations early in the transdisciplinary process can give insight into how attitudes, expectations, and conflicts might shape transdisciplinary efforts, and can provide relevant parameters for assessing change over time.     

Enzymatic production of biosilica glass using enzymes from sponges: basic aspects and application in nanobiotechnology (material sciences and medicine)

Biomineralization, biosilicification in particular (i.e. the formation of biogenic silica, SiO₂), has become an exciting source of inspiration for the development of novel bionic approaches following “nature as model”. Siliceous sponges are unique among silica forming organisms in their ability to catalyze silica formation using a specific enzyme termed silicatein. In this study, we review the present state of knowledge on silicatein-mediated “biosilica” formation in marine sponges, the involvement of further molecules in silica metabolism and their potential application in nanobiotechnology and medicine. Werner E. G. Müller dedicated this study to Prof. Vera Gamulin (Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia) in honour of her unique contributions in molecular evolution.     

The concept of sustainable islands: cleaner production, industrial ecology and the network paradigm as preconditions for regional sustainable development

This paper introduces a bottom-up approach towards sustainability which is called the Island approach. The basic assumption of ‘Islands of Sustainability’ is that development towards sustainability can be introduced starting from small sustainable regions. An Island is an area where sustainability is reached locally. Key points to create a sustainable region are communication activities, such as exchange of matter, energy, information, culture, capital and persons within the regional network and with the environment. One of the main theses is that sustainability is linked to the complexity of the regional network. The intensity, the speed and the comprehensive of internal and external interactions, as well as the connectedness of the regional network, have to be changed in order to reach local sustainability.Relations between different approaches such as the Cleaner Production approach, the Industrial Ecology approach and the Island approach are investigated. It is assumed that a combination of these approaches will lead to sustainability, which might not be the case with one approach in isolation. All concepts are based on the new Network Paradigm, which is a reduction of the holistic world view. Cooperation on different hierarchical levels, from the interfirm level up to the interregional level, becomes an important part of behaviour. Networks, such as information networks or matter-flow networks, are introduced and become most important with regard to sustainability.     

湖泊水体富营养化评价的随机模拟与三角模糊数耦合模型

根据湖泊水环境系统的不确定性,建立了基于随机模拟和三角模糊数的湖泊水体富营养化评价耦合模型,采用三角模糊数表征各营养因子监测值,运用随机模拟方法模拟三角模糊数,得到各变量的随机模拟序列,由综合营养状态指数法确定湖泊的营养等级概率水平。以宁夏沙湖为例,运用此耦合模型对水体的富营养化程度进行评价。结果表明:该方法将水体富营养评价中水环境状态的不确定性以确定性方法融入评价模型,直观表征了水体在各营养状态隶属度的复杂性,评价结果更加全面、合理。     

A method for evaluating the overall technical and economic performance of environmental innovations in production cycles

As is demonstrated by a great deal of scientific literature on the subject, an ever-increasing number of businesses are adopting cleaner production as a strategy to minimise the impact of their activities and their products on the environment. However, the range of approaches which are grouped together and given the common name ‘cleaner production’ is quite broad and diversified and includes a variety of innovative solutions that lead to very different results. Indeed, varying results have been obtained; the improvements in that industry has achieved in its environmental performance, both on a single business basis and in the overall product life cycle, as well as in the financial and economic returns. The present study proposes a quantitative method of classification, cleaner production innovations based on technical and economic criteria. The method proposed here is based on improvements made to the environment and the economic benefits to both the single business and to the overall socio-economic system as well as on the inter-relations between these variables.     

城市生活垃圾的生物工程堆肥化利用

在建立节约型社会、发展循环经济时代,通过对城市生活垃圾3种处理方法的比较得出,以堆肥方式通过生物工程技术对城市生活垃圾进行科学合理处置,是达到城市生活垃圾无害化、资源化、减量化、规模化处理的最佳选择。     

我国安全工程本科专业课程设置的合理性分析

安全工程本科专业课程设置的合理性直接关系到安全工程学科的发展、专业人才的培养以及学生就业方向的选择,对安全工程本科专业的发展起着关键性的作用。基于安全工程本科专业的人才培养和理论基础,随机选取我国国内100所开设安全工程专业的院校,对其进行专业所在院系和行业背景的调查以及专业课程的设置情况统计,分析课程设置存在的不合理之处,并利用层次分析法探讨了专业课程的合理设置比例,以期为安全工程本科课程设置提供参考。     

杭州地区大气气溶胶光学特性高光谱研究

利用ASD地物光谱仪对杭州地区的气溶胶光学特性进行了观测并结合同步观测的太阳分光光度计CE-318的数据对其精度进行检验.分析表明,在时间演变中.杭州市冬季气溶胶光学厚度值比夏季大,气溶胶光学特性的日进程变化比较明显;从空间分异上,杭州不同区域间的差异也比较显著;杭州地区大气的浑浊度系数和波长指数主要分布在0.02～0.2和0.2～2.6之间.在气溶胶光学厚度、浑浊度系数和波长指数等大气环境重要变量中,气溶胶光学厚度和浑浊度系数之间存在正相关,而气溶胶光学厚度和波长指数之间存在负相关.     

Contribution to advances in waste-to-energy technologies

This paper presents a number of recent advances in technologies and improvements in units for the thermal processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) and various other types of waste. The focus is on the ‘waste-to-energy’ approach; various criteria for this approach are discussed, as well as the inconsistent attitudes about waste management approaches that are present in various countries in the European Union. The presented achievements include low-NO_x burners, improved efficiency, heat exchangers, waste heat recovery systems, newly developed equipment for wet scrubbing, dioxin filters and systems for the treatment of sewage sludge.A new concept for a regional Waste-to-Energy Centre (WTEC) is outlined, the design of which is based on a combination of experience, know-how and a sophisticated approach. The proposed WTEC will use up-to-date technologies and will provide an adequate response to the growing population and rising standards of living as well to increasingly stringent environmental regulatory standards.Utilization of computational methods such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for design optimisation and/or for troubleshooting is demonstrated with examples (flue gas duct, burner, combustion chamber). Several examples from industrial applications are summarized.     

用于分子生态学研究的堆肥DNA提取方法

分子生态学为堆肥微生物的研究提供了新的技术手段,DNA的提取是该技术的基础,但由于腐殖酸类物质的污染,增加了堆肥微生物总DNA的提取难度.采用了3种不同的方法(溶菌酶法、超声波破碎法和蛋白酶K-CTAB法)从堆肥中提取微生物的总DNA,使用核酸和蛋白质分析仪检测后表明3种提取方法获得的DNA产量均较高;琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果表明其长度约为23 kb;使用细菌16S rRNA基因通用引物(27F和1 495R)对总DNA进行PCR扩增,都获得了几乎全长的16S rDNA序列(约1.5 kb);利用限制性内切酶(Hae Ⅲ和AluⅠ)对纯化后的PCR产物进行RFLP分析,结果表明3种方法提取的DNA反映了比较一致的微生物多样性.虽然3种方法各有优缺点,但其提取的DNA都可以用于堆肥微生物的分子生态学研究,可以根据实际需要选用某一种方法用于提取堆肥总DNA.     

稀有鮈鲫物种敏感性及其在生态毒理学与水质基准中的应用

物种敏感性分析是水质基准及生态毒理学研究的关键环节,稀有鮈鲫（Gobiocypris rarus）作为我国鲤科鱼类的代表性受试鱼种,其对环境污染物的敏感性受到了国内外广泛关注.通过搜集稀有鮈鲫急性毒性数据,使用物种敏感度分布法比较分析稀有鮈鲫对15种典型环境污染物的敏感性,主要包括重金属（Zn2+、Cu2+、Cr6+、Hg2+）、VOCs（三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、甲苯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯）、苯胺类有机物（对氯苯胺、3,4-二氯苯胺）、含氯消毒剂（三氯异氰尿酸）和农药类有机物（毒死蜱、丁草胺、乙草胺、三唑酮）,并对稀有鮈鲫在水质基准和生态毒理学研究中作为本土受试生物的适用性进行了讨论.结果表明:稀有鮈鲫对各类环境污染物的敏感性普遍较高（平均累积概率为46%）,尤其对重金属和农药类有机物反应灵敏,其中对农药类有机物最为敏感（平均累积概率为26%）,表明稀有鮈鲫可作为潜在的水质基准研究的受试生物和水质监测指示生物.在鱼类敏感性排序中,鲤科鱼类对各类环境污染物较为敏感,其中小型鲤科鱼类——稀有鮈鲫在鱼类敏感性排序中位置稳定,对大多数污染物的敏感性超过斑马鱼、黑头呆鱼、日本青鳉等国际标准试验鱼种,并且具有本土性、易人工繁育、生物背景清晰等优点,表明稀有鮈鲫是现阶段我国水质基准及生态毒理学研究的潜在本土受试生物.      

Carbon estimation in harvested wood products using a country-specific method: Portugal as a case study

This study aims to contribute to the ongoing international debate on the choice of approaches and methods to be used for estimating the amount of carbon that has accumulated in harvested wood products (HWP), within the context of national greenhouse gas emission inventories. A method for estimating carbon accumulation in HWP was developed and applied to three accounting approaches currently under discussion, namely: the stock-change approach, the production approach and the atmospheric-flow approach. This method is consistent with tier 3 methods suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.An estimation of the carbon accumulation in HWP in Portugal for the period 1990–2000 varied between 112 and 1016 Gg C year⁻¹. The atmospheric-flow approach provided the most favourable results for the whole period, largely because Portugal acted as a net exporter of carbon. The production approach ranked second, because the HWP exported were mainly produced from domestically grown wood. The uncertainty level of the estimates was in general lower than the uncertainty level expected when using a method based on generic default data. In conclusion, a simple method such as the one developed in this study may be used to estimate carbon accumulation in HWP with acceptable uncertainty levels, provided that country-specific data are available.