煤矸石－粉煤灰－废石膏烧结陶粒

采用制粒烧结工艺成功地把煤矸石、粉煤灰及废石膏（或烟气脱硫污泥）制备成建筑用轻质陶粒，实现了对上述固体废物的资源化和稳定化。煤矸石等的配料比以及粉状原料的颗粒尺寸分布是在成球盘中制粒的主要影响因素。烧结过程中的影响因素较多，但烧结温度是影响产品质量的主要因素。煤矸石－粉煤灰－废石膏陶粒烧结过程发生在９５０—１２５０℃，最佳烧结温度为１２００±５０℃，制得的陶位坚硬如岩石，容重等级为９００，筒压强度为９—１５ＭＰａ，超过ＧＢ２８３８－８１的筒压强度≥６．５ＭＰａ的规定。     

污染底泥与焚烧飞灰混烧陶粒实验研究

为考察疏浚污染底泥与垃圾焚烧灰混合烧制陶粒的可行性,根据陶粒的桶压强度和吸水率等性能确定了原料配比,考察了焙烧温度对陶粒微观形貌、重金属残留率、浸出比例及浓度的影响。结果表明:随着原料中焚烧飞灰比例增加,陶粒的筒压强度降低、吸水率升高,污染底泥与焚烧飞灰的合适配比为4:1,焙烧温度在1 100~1 150℃时陶粒内部微孔聚集,在1 200℃时陶粒出现大量玻璃相,陶粒焙烧温度宜控制在1 150℃左右;在最佳条件下烧制陶粒的筒压强度为4.56 MPa、吸水率为15.3%,堆积密度为735 kg/m3;陶粒中重金属残留率除了Zn外均随焙烧温度升高而下降,重金属浸出比例随着烧结温度的增加而降低,同时渗沥浓度都有一定程度降低,浸出浓度均达到相关标准。烧制的陶粒有作为铺路、堤坝建材骨料使用的潜力。     

粉煤灰/工业污泥烧结陶粒的制备与应用

以粉煤灰和工业污水处理站的剩余污泥为主要原材料，采用烧结法研制复合陶粒。分析了不同配方和不同烧结温度对陶粒性能的影响，以陶粒吸水率．容重为评价指标确定最佳配比和最佳烧结温度。提出用陶粒铺设景观水底，治理城市水体．并对其进行了可行性分析。粉煤灰／污泥陶粒的容重为0．79～0．9g／cm^3，吸水率为68．95％-80．01％。陶粒对水中氨氮和总磷吸附容量分别为0．03～0．05mg／g和0．01-0.02mg／g。     

铁尾矿烧制陶粒及其性能的研究

本实验以铁尾矿为原料,粉煤灰、城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为添加剂,进行烧制建筑陶粒的研究。考察了物料配比和烧结工艺(烧结温度和烧结时间)对陶粒性能的影响。以陶粒吸水率和堆积密度为评价指标确定最佳配比和烧结工艺。研究表明铁尾矿、粉煤灰、污泥的最佳配比为:铁尾矿40.3%,粉煤灰44.7%,污泥15%。在最佳烧结工艺下,可以烧制出满足国家标准(GB/T 17431.1-1998)的700级轻粗集料。实验还研究了陶粒在不同浸取条件(水平振荡法、TCLP毒性浸出法)下的重金属浸出性能。结果表明:在两种不同浸出条件下,只有Cu、Zn和Pb能够检出而且其浸出浓度非常低。XRD结果表明,烧结过程中出现了硅酸盐类新物质。     

采用污水厂污泥制陶粒的烧结工艺及配方研究

对污水厂污泥“干化-烧结”制陶粒的烧结工艺和物料配方进行了研究,分析了不同烧结工艺条件对陶粒产品强度、吸水率和密度等性能指标的影响.结果表明,烧结温度对陶粒性能影响最大,而由于污泥本身熔点低,具有助熔作用,适宜的烧结温度与配方中污泥掺加量密切相关.最佳污泥烧制陶粒工艺条件为,污泥最大掺加量80%,350℃预热20min,1060℃烧结15min.     

非烧结磷石膏砖的制备研究

以磷石膏为主要原料,辅以粉煤灰、生石灰、河砂等制备非烧结磷石膏砖,探索较优的物料配比及操作条件;设定操作条件为砖坯成型压力20 MPa、105℃下干燥12 h,通过120℃,0.105 MPa的蒸汽养护4 h;最优物料配比为m(磷石膏量)∶m(粉煤灰量)∶m(河砂量)∶m(生石灰量)∶m(成型水量)=1∶0.5∶0.2∶0.15∶0.25。制品强度可达MU10级;制品无浸出毒性风险。     

不同烧结助剂对垃圾焚烧飞灰形成陶粒和玻璃化的影响

通过添加膨润土和玻璃粉调节垃圾焚烧飞灰中Ca/Si比例的方法,研究了飞灰陶粒的形成条件,结果发现添加10%的玻璃粉,于1 000℃下煅烧30 min可以得到筒压强度为6.5 MPa,单颗粒强度为315N的陶粒,满足轻集料相对应堆密度的强度标准,并且降低了成本。进一步明确了飞灰高温煅烧后冷却形成玻璃体的形成条件:烧结温度需高于飞灰熔融温度50℃左右,并且以空气骤冷作为冷却方式。     

煤矸石-石灰石-纯碱烧结过程研究

从煤矸石中提取氧化铝、并用残渣直接煅烧硅酸盐水泥熟料，同时将废气、废液循环利用，是煤矸石高附加值、低污染资源化综合利用的新工艺．通过对该工艺的煤矸石石灰石纯碱烧结过程固相反应历程的分析和研究，揭示了烧结过程的反应特点，并讨论了烧结温度和烧结时间对氧化铝提取率的影响．当烧结温度为１０４０℃、烧结时间为８０ｍｉｎ时，氧化铝的提取率可达到最大值８５２％．     

利用石英砂尾泥等工业废渣制备陶粒的研究

利用石英砂尾泥、粉煤灰,水磨石渣等工业废渣,在实验室成功制备出废渣陶粒。通过正交实验对原料配比进行了优选,对焙烧温度、焙烧时间等工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明,当石英砂尾泥：粉煤灰：水磨石渣：纯碱为30：43：15：12、焙烧温度为1200℃、恒温时间为10～20min时,陶粒的膨胀率达到60％、简压强度10．5MPa,达到GB／T17431．1—1998要求,为石英砂尾泥等工业废渣的资源化利用提供一个新途径。     

粉煤灰固化处理生活垃圾焚烧飞灰效果研究

为了减少生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属等污染物对环境的危害,以粉煤灰和脱硫石膏为原料对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属进行安全处理。采用机械力化学法探究了脱硫石膏与垃圾焚烧飞灰掺加比、(脱硫石膏+垃圾焚烧飞灰)与粉煤灰掺加比、球磨频率、球磨时间和养护温度参数对固化体性能的影响。并通过XRD和FTIR手段对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化机制进行了研究。研究结果表明,采用机械力化学法能够显著提升粉煤灰的活性,并使制备出的固化体具有较高的抗压强度。当脱硫石膏与垃圾焚烧飞灰掺加比为1∶4,(脱硫石膏+垃圾焚烧飞灰)与粉煤灰为2∶3,球磨频率30 Hz,球磨时间2 h,养护温度60℃时,固化体28 d抗压强度达到22.3 MPa,并采用AAS测得固化体浸出液中Cd和Zn重金属的浸出量分别仅为0.015 mg/L和0.008 mg/L,均远低于GB 5085.3-2007规定限值。XRD和FTIR表征结果表明,固化体水化过程中生成了水化硅酸钙(C—S—H)和钙矾石(AFt)并分别主要以物理包裹和化学吸附的形式实现了垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的稳定化。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.