Is European end-of-life vehicle legislation living up to expectations? Assessing the impact of the ELV Directive on ‘green’ innovation and vehicle recovery

The end-of-life vehicle (ELV) Directive in Europe aims to generate environmental gains through increased levels of vehicle recovery and a reduction in the use of hazardous substances. This paper presents an evaluation framework based on five anticipated changes that could result from the ELV Directive. These changes relate to three areas: (a) vehicle design, (b) level of ELV recovery, and (c) information provision. We evaluate the extent to which expected outcomes have materialized since the establishment of the ELV Directive. Current information provides an emerging picture of the impact of ELV legislation. We show that legislative factors and market forces have led to innovation in recycling, increased hazardous substance removal and improved information dissemination. Such actions may be sufficient to reach ELV Directive targets and could have spill-over benefits to other industries. Carmakers are also taking steps to design for recycling and for disassembly. However, movement toward design for re-use and remanufacturing seems limited. Increasing the level of re-use and remanufacturing will be a key part of moving toward sustainable vehicle production.     

利用源示踪技术计算日本和韩国低层大气SO2和PSO4来源

利用区域空气质量模式CAMx中的PAST(源示踪技术)对2010年东亚地区的总硫(SO₂₊PSO₄)的源-受体关系进行了模拟计算. 模拟区域内共设定43个源区,其中在中国领土范围内设定了33个源区. 在源-受体关系计算中,将日本本岛分为北部、中部和南部三部分,分别设为受体区域,同时还将远离陆地的海洋背景点冲绳和韩国济州岛设为受体点.模拟结果表明,日本本岛北部、中部和南部的总硫来源存在一定的差异:日本本国的贡献率分别为73.8%、77.1%和65.9%,中国的贡献率分别为23.5%、20.2%和25.8%. 韩国本土总硫的本国贡献率为67.8%,中国的贡献率为27.2%. 对韩国济州岛和日本冲绳而言,二者总硫的本国贡献率均为26.0%,远低于日、韩两国的其他地区,不能代表国家间跨界输送的总体状况. 受体区域跨界输送的总硫季节变化明显,而且各区域的变化趋势也并不一致,其中日本南部地区和韩国本土1月最强,7月最弱;日本北部和中部地区在4月最强,1月最弱. 跨界传输的总硫对日本和韩国总硫贡献量小于2.5 μg/m3.对于日、韩两国影响较大的中国源区主要为山东、河北、江苏、辽宁等地,各源区对于日、韩总硫贡献量的季节变化明显. 东亚地区低空总硫的传输通量空间分布与利用CAMx模拟的2010年日本和韩国总硫的源-受体关系结果相一致.      

日本、韩国环保产业发展经验对中国的借鉴

节能环保产业作为战略性新兴产业的七大重点领域之一,新形势下发展具备有利条件,特别是十二五以来我国环保产业得到了飞速发展,但是由于体制机制、技术、市场等多方面原因环保产业发展也面临诸多挑战和障碍。日本与韩国,环保产业已进入技术成熟期。逐渐成为本国国民经济的支柱产业和世界环保市场的主力,借鉴日韩环保产业的发展经验,提出中国推动环保产业发展的对策建议。     

日本城市废弃物处理和综合利用技术简介

应日本新技术促进机构邀请,对日本城市废弃物处理和综合利用技术进行考察。简要介绍日本新技术促进机构以及日本企业对于城市垃圾、废塑料和电子废弃物的处置和再利用技术,为中日再生资源行业深入合作,推动我国再生资源行业技术发展提供借鉴。     

东北亚冬季PM2.5水溶性离子空间分布特征及来源

为探讨东北亚冬季PM_2.5水溶性离子空间分布特征及来源,测定了2017~2018年沈阳冬季PM_2.5水溶性离子浓度.结果显示：沈阳冬季PM_2.5水溶性离子平均质量浓度为28.5±11.9μg/m³,二次离子（SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺）的浓度最高,分别占总水溶性离子质量浓度的31.0%、22.4%和19.2%.运用离子化学计量学关系、相关性和主成分分析,探讨了沈阳冬季PM_2.5水溶性离子的可能来源.并整合了东北亚冬季（中国东北、韩国、日本）近20a来PM_2.5水溶性离子数据,发现沿着东亚冬季风,东北亚冬季PM_2.5水溶性离子浓度从中国东北,经韩国海岸、韩国和济州岛,日本海岸至日本整体呈下降趋势,在韩国和日本出现局部上升,且在不同区域,不同水溶性离子占比明显不同.其中,韩国冬季PM_2.5中SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺和K⁺受外来源影响显著,NO₃^-和NH₄⁺主要来自本地源,Cl^-、Na⁺和Mg²⁺主要来自本地源或海源;日本中部冬季PM_2.5中SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺和K⁺主要来自本地源,Cl^-、Ca²⁺、Na⁺和Mg²⁺主要来自本地源或海源.     

水污染防治领域的技术预见

针对水污染防治领域开展了技术预见研究。通过德尔菲调查法所获数据及其结果分析,确定出排名最高的10项技术课题,作为未来水污染防治领域的关键技术课题,其中共涉及6个领域:城镇污水处理与回用,饮用水净化与安全,工业废水处理与回用,农村、农业污水处理与回用,地下水体污染控制以及微量有毒物质的防控。分析表明,10项关键技术课题的预期实现时间集中在2014年-2018年;领先国家或地区主要是美国、日本和欧盟;发展路径选择最多的是集成创新的方式;技术本身可行性、市场需求、政策支持是最主要的3个制约其发展的因素;目前所处的阶段主要是实际应用阶段。     

浙东隆起带与西南日本黑濑川构造带地质演化之比较

浙东、闽北陈蔡群和建瓯群所构成的浙东隆起带,东延过东海后,与西南日本黑濑川构造带的寺野、肥后变质岩类连接,属“华夏—日本南方大陆”的北部残留地块,是受控于江山-绍兴-御荷(?)古断裂带而抬升暴露的.     

国外包装业发展循环经济的做法

我国已成为仅次于美国、日本之后的第三大“包装大国”。详细介绍了发达国家包装产业发展循环经济的主要做法,为我国加快包装产业循环经济的发展,实现包装工业的可持续发展提供参考。     

发达国家建筑垃圾再生利用经验及借鉴

介绍了德国、日本、美国等发达国家对建筑垃圾进行处理和再利用的经验,提出我国应借鉴发达国家经验,从科研、法律、教育以及政策等方面加强建筑垃圾的再利用工作。     

国内外废旧便携式电池的循环利用比较

便携式电池包括一次电池和二次可充式电池,含有多种有色金属成分,如Ni,Cd,Mn,Li,Co,Cu,,Ag等。我国已成为世界电池生产、消费和出口大国,电池的生产消耗了大量的有色金属资源,其中包括国内紧缺的镍、钴金属等。分析了不同废旧电池的成分,介绍了废旧电池处理的主要方法。通过了解发达国家或地区,如欧盟、日本、美国、加拿大,以及国内在废旧便携式电池管理方面的立法和循环利用现状,发现国内废旧便携式电池的回收管理和循环利用工作存在很大差距。其主要原因是缺乏有效的收集设施,还没有建立基本的回收体系,法律监管力度不够,责任明细不清,公民回收意识薄弱等。     

The long range transport of pollutants in the Pacific Rim region

The long range transport of pollutants in the China, Korea and Japan corridor of the Pacific Rim region is evaluated using a regional scale Eulerian air pollution model (i.e. the STEM-II model). The transport, chemical transformation,and dry deposition during long range transport events typical of spring months are analyzed. The long range transport (LRT) of SO₂ as well as the secondary pollutants ozone and nitric acid are shown to be significant. For example, ozone concentrations in excess of 60 ppb in Beijing, China, 130 ppb in Seoul, Korea, and 180 ppb in Osaka, Japan are predicted. The elevated levels at the downwind locations (i.e. Seoul and Osaka) are shown to be due to both local production and LRT.     

Material hygiene: improving recycling of WEEE demonstrated on dishwashers

There must be a change in attitude towards end-of-life products. The view that these products pose a liability must be changed. Secondary material is valuable as raw material. Thus, activities encouraging changes in opinion are important.Two major EU directives guide the recycling process; the Directive of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV) and the Directive of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). Both focus on the input of the recycling system, not on what is coming out of the system.The WEEE Directive is the legislation on the European level that governs the handling and processing of these types of products. The WEEE Directive is not only aimed at stricter handling and reduction of hazardous materials but also encourages EU member states to support technical development in order to facilitate increased recycling.In order to properly address these issues a mind-set, material hygiene, has been introduced. The basic idea is to act, in every life cycle phase of the product, towards highest possible efficiency in recycling. The outcome of useful material is in focus.A study on dishwashers is made with copper outcome as target. The results are based on Swedish conditions but general conclusions can be made. Limited design efforts can raise the outcome of valuable materials, if the recycling process is organized in an optimal manner.A theoretical concept of disassembly structures is used to draw general conclusions on the case study.Increasing product recycling suitability is one side of the problem; another is increasing effectiveness of handling and processing of end-of-life products.The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of “material hygiene” and based on that demonstrate a method for grading structural properties in a recycling perspective. The findings presented in this paper are based on a field study in which a number of dishwashers were disassembled and analyzed.     

Comparing the implementation of concrete recycling in the Australian and Japanese construction industries

Environmental problems have been considered to be serious in the construction industry. Waste management pressures are pressing very hard with alarming industrial warming signals. Among the different types of construction and demolition wastes, concrete is about 81 percent of the volume of construction and demolition waste in Australia. To minimize the concrete waste generated from construction activities, recycling of concrete waste is one of the best methods to improve the environment. However, situations of concrete recycling in different countries vary considerably. Japan is a leading country in recycling concrete waste, with 100 percent recycling of the wastes that are used for new structural applications. This paper investigates the current concrete recycling situations in Australian and Japanese construction industries. A questionnaire survey and structured interviews were conducted. In comparing the current concrete recycling situations between Australia and Japan, it should be noted that major difficulties found from Australian and Japanese construction industries are on different phases of the transition to recycling of construction wastes. Therefore, it is suggested that the Australian construction industry should be: i) developing a unified policy in concrete recycling; ii) providing financial governmental support; iii) developing clear technical specifications or standards on the use of recycled aggregate for structural applications.     

日本处理城市生活垃圾的做法及启示

随着我国城市化进程的加快，城市生活垃圾的排出量急剧增加，造成环境污染问题日益严重。垃圾不但影响城市景观，传播疾病，而且还破坏环境，浪费资源。本文通过介绍日本处理城市生活垃圾的做法和效果，比较我国处理城市生活垃圾的现状，提出我国应发挥政府职能作用，加强对国民的环保宣传和教育，建立垃圾分类制度、细化标准，创新垃圾回收处理技术，鼓励和扶持垃圾回收产业体系等建议。     

基于生产者责任延伸的中国电子废物环境管理政策研究

电子废物具有资源价值性和环境污染性的双重属性,其循环利用及其污染控制已成为国内外研究的热点。在分析我国电子废物环境管理政策及取得成效的基础上,提出了当前制约我国该行业可持续发展的主要挑战和问题。最后借鉴日本电子废物管理相关经验,并基于生产者责任延伸原则,提出了完善基金补贴制度,加强目录外电子废物管理,加大电子废物处理企业融资扶持力度、进一步提升第三方审核机构的专业化水平,加强“垃圾分类回收”与“再生资源回收”的有效衔接,健全废弃电器电子产品回收处理信息系统等建议,以期为进一步完善我国电子废物环境管理制度体系提供技术支持。     

基于循环经济的西部荒漠化治理途径探讨

荒漠化是制约我国西部地区发展的重要环境问题.本文在分析西部荒漠化现状的基础上,基于循环经济理念,从建立以可再生能源为主体的能源结构、构建产业体系和树立人与自然和谐发展的思维观三个方面提出并探讨了荒漠化的治理途径,为西部地区实现经济、社会和生态环境的协调发展提供借鉴.     

日本循环型社会的现状与展望

日本在世界上是第一个建成循环型社会的国家。全面阐述了日本循环型社会的建设历程与现状,基本做法与2010年的资源流通目标,成功原因分析;重点介绍了日本建设循环型社会的“废弃物处理法”,“容器包装循环利用法”2部法律内容。日本政府认为,展望未来,构建国际循环型社会是必要的、可能的。     

我国塑料包装废物的产生和回收特性及管理对策

通过现场调查和资料调研,分析了塑料包装废物的流向和环境特征,总结了塑料包装废物回收的基本特点和经验教训,论述了塑料包装废物回收模式特点,深入分析了回收过程中存在的问题,并提出了加强塑料包装废物回收的管理对策. 结果表明:塑料包装是塑料制品中的重要构成部分,由于质量轻、回收体积大,不易回收,我国每年产生大量的塑料包装废物,城市生活垃圾填埋场成为塑料包装废物的主要流向和污染源. 目前我国塑料包装废物回收依托的是进城务工的个体回收者,与现阶段的国情相符合. 塑料污染问题不是短期内能解决的,必须采取长期的综合管理对策,如进行源头减量化、制定鼓励回收利用的经济政策、采取适宜的无害化处置方式等.      

电子废弃物中元器件的拆解与再利用

电子废弃物产生数量和种类的迅速增加,使之成为一个全球性的环境问题。不当的处理方式对环境也造成了严重的污染。因此,电子废弃物的回收利用技术研究显得十分必要,文章简要概括了国外电子废弃物资源化工艺流程,重点介绍了适合我国国情的材料再生与元器件再利用相结合的电子废弃物资源化技术,并且进行了经济性比较与分析。