典型大气环境玻璃钢天线罩聚氨酯涂层工艺老化行为研究

通过南海海洋大气环境、海南万宁湿热乡村大气环境、西藏拉萨高原大气环境户外大气暴露对玻璃钢基灭线罩聚氨酯涂层工艺进行了老化试验，运用光泽、颜色、粉化率、SEM等手段测试了涂层在户外大气暴露的性能变化和表面形貌，并进行对比分析。结果表明，在相同大气环境中，工艺玻璃钢板／雷达罩底漆／浅灰航天聚氨酯涂层耐候性能优于工艺玻璃钢板／环氧聚酰胺／弹性聚氨酯磁漆涂层的耐侯性能；对于同种工艺，西沙海洋大气环境对其耐侯性的影响最大，其次是万宁湿热乡村环境，拉萨高原环境影响较小；光照、温度、湿度是涂层老化的主要原因。     

Ghana: revival of the mineral sector

After almost two decades of decline, Ghana's mineral sector has rebounded significantly and is currently the main foreign exchange earner. Gold mining is the principal activity within the sector and accounted for 41 percent of total export earnings in 1996. This paper presents an overview of Ghana's mineral industry and covers mineral resources, production and reserves; mining investments; the role of mining in the economy; and the structure of the industry. An overview of the national mineral policy is also presented to depict the current regulatory and fiscal environment in which the industry operates. The spectacular reversal in mineral sector performance can be attributed to the adoption of World Bank recommendations in a new national mineral policy, the 1986 Minerals and Mining Law, aimed at revitalizing the sector.     

Nigerian Supreme Court and ownership of offshore oil

This article discusses the decision of the Supreme Court of Nigeria on the constitutional provision dealing with the sharing of revenues derived from natural resources located within the states of the Federation, the ‘derivation principle.’ Although the case relates to the interpretation of a constitutional provision, the arguments of the parties suggest that the real battle was — and still is — about the ownership and control of Nigeria's offshore oil. The article details the legal history and precedents as well as constitutional provisions relevant to the case. Disagreements arose over legal questions such as the seaward boundaries of littoral states (from which oil revenues are derived), and whether a distinction can be made between offshore and onshore oil revenues in applying a 13% constitutionally prescribed derivation principle. The article shows that, in its judgment, Nigeria's Supreme Court relied heavily on rules of international law, while failing to apply existing Nigerian laws and constitutional provision, and argues that the decision might have been different had the court investigated and invoked the legislative history of the provision in question, as required in Nigerian law. Furthermore, it is argued that the court was wrong to disregard the provision of the law which had abolished any distinction between onshore and offshore natural resources in the application of the derivation principle. The article concludes that the legal tug of war is set to continue for some years.     

Economics of "essential use exemptions" for metered-dose inhalers under the Montreal Protocol

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer has led to rapid reductions in the use of ozone-depleting substances worldwide. However, the Protocol provides for "essential use exemptions" (EUEs) if there are no "technically and economically feasible" alternatives. An application that might qualify as an "essential use" is CFC-powered medical metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and the US and other nations have applied for exemptions in this case. One concern is that exemptions are necessary to ensure access to medications for low-income uninsureds. We examine the consequences of granting or withholding such exemptions, and conclude that government policies and private-sector programs are available that make it economically feasible to phase out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in this application, thereby furthering the global public health objectives of the Montreal Protocol without compromising the treatment of patients who currently receive medication by means of MDIs.     

泡沫聚合物保温材料的研究进展及其应用

综述了以聚氨酯泡沫、聚乙烯泡沫和酚醛泡沫塑料为代表的轻质聚合物泡沫保温材料的发展状况。     

低氟聚氨酯泡沫塑料在冷库保温上的应用

聚氨酯(以下简称PU)泡沫塑料喷涂发泡采取低氯氟烃(以下简称低氟)发泡配方与工艺，即配方中降低CFC发泡剂50％--60％的用量，以水代替其发泡。试验结果表明，用本配方及工艺实施的泡沫保温层各种性能良好，保持了传统单纯采用氯氟烃发泡剂的聚氨酯泡沫的优异性能，施工工艺简单、可靠，对环境友好。     

我国城市污水回用的技术与经济和环境可行性分析

城市污水回用是指将城市污水加以处理再生后回用于可用再生水的地方，取代干净的优质原水，是缓解我国当前水资源紧张的有效措施之一。本文从技术、经济及环境三方面分析讨论了我国发展城市污水回用事业的可行性，结果表明我国城市污水回用不但技术上已经成熟，而且从经济效益和环境效益考虑也是可行的。本文建议我国应该积极、合理、因地制宜地发展城市污水回用事业。     

Environmental Exposure of Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota to Triclosan and Triclocarban1

Abstract: The synthetic biocides triclosan (5‐chloro‐2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)phenol) and triclocarban (3,4,4′‐trichlorocarbanilide) are routinely added to a wide array of antimicrobial personal care products and consumer articles. Both compounds can persist in the environment and exhibit toxicity toward a number of biological receptors. Recent reports of toxicological effects in wildlife, human cell cultures, and laboratory animals have heightened the interest in the occurrence of these biocide and related toxic effects. The present study aimed to summarize published environmental concentrations of biocides and contrast them with toxicity threshold values of susceptible organisms. Environmental occurrences and toxicity threshold values span more than six orders of magnitude in concentration. The highest biocide levels, measured in the mid parts‐per‐million range, were determined to occur in aquatic sediments and in municipal biosolids destined for land application. Crustacea and algae were identified as the most sensitive species, susceptible to adverse effects from biocide exposures in the parts‐per‐trillion range. An overlap of environmental concentrations and toxicity threshold values was noted for these more sensitive organisms, suggesting potential adverse ecological effects in aquatic environments. Affirmative evidence for this is lacking, however, since studies examining environmental occurrences of biocides vis‐à‐vis the health and diversity of aquatic species have not yet been conducted.     

发展循环经济促进可持续发展

循环经济是应用生态学指导的反馈式物质流程,其原则是减量化、再利用、再循环。发展循环经济在企业中主要是清洁生产;在产业区中主要是建设工业生态园区;在城市中是建立循环经济系统。循环经济是经济、社会、环境的“三赢”经济。发展循环经济需要法规、政策、科技支持。我国公布了发展循环经济的有关政策及重点行业、重点省市、重点工业园区,以加快发展循环经济,促进可持续发展。     

Particulates and carbon monoxide pollution on production floor of steel recycling plant

For this study, particulates or particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO) levels were monitored at different sections on the production floor of a scrap metal recycling factory. A Met‐One GT331 dust monitor and A Toxi‐Rae gas monitor were used to measure PM and CO concentrations, respectively. The 24‐hr averaging period concentrations of particulate matter having diameters of 2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM_2.5), particulate matter having diameters of 10 microns or less in diameter (PM₁₀), and total suspended particulates (TSP) within the plant ranged between 8.3 and 50.4 μg/m³, 12.0 and 151.3 μg/m³, and 30.0 and 285.0 μg/m³, respectively, while the maximum 8‐hr concentration of CO within the plant was 20.5 parts per million (ppm). The United States’ Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) limits for PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and CO were exceeded only in the area around the furnace. Nigeria's Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Bank statutory limit for TSP were also exceeded in the area around the furnace. Toxicity potentials (TP) of the investigated pollutants were greater than 1.0 around the furnace, indicating that work spaces in proximity to the furnace could expose workers to adverse health conditions.     

Current Levels and Management of Solid Wastes in Nigeria

Solid waste is of serious concern in developing countries because of its high rate of generation and the low‐end quality of its management. Inefficient handling of solid wastes may result in deterioration of environmental quality, but it can also result in loss of potential resources. This study reviews current solid waste generation and management in Nigeria and the need for an effective collection, recovery, and recycling policy. Our review is based on literature searches and personal field surveys. Observations showed that uncontrolled electronic waste (e‐waste), agricultural‐waste (agro‐waste), scrap metals, waste polymers, and waste from the transportation sector are prevalent in Nigeria. Recent collection rates were less than 50% of the total solid waste generated (i.e., approximately 40% was collected). With an effective collection system and appropriate policies, the abundance of solid waste in the country could present material recovery and recycling opportunities that would boost the economy and move Nigeria closer to sustainable resource management.     

昌吉州番茄企业环境污染现状调查及防治措施分析

随着昌吉州经济的快速发展,特别是农业优势资源转换战略的实施,农副产品加工业已成为昌吉州经济增长的支柱产业之一,为提高昌吉州农业产值、增加农民收入做出了贡献。但在提升昌吉州经济实力的同时,也对环境造成了一定的负面影响。从昌吉州番茄企业现状和污染状况等方面对昌吉州番茄企业存在的环境问题及环保治理设施建设和运行的经济可行性进行分析,并就番茄企业生产对废水的综合治理提出了方法措施。     

胶州市工业企业水污染治理存在的问题和对策

根据胶州市工业企业水污染治理现状和存在的主要问题，从环保机制、环境监察、发展循环经济和清洁生产工艺等方面提出了相应的控制对策。     

新疆煤化工产业开发中的环保问题分析

新疆是国家拟规划的煤化工产业基地之一,也是自治区重点发展的产业之一,目前投资开发力度很大。煤化工产业耗水量大,与石油和天然气路线比较,工艺过程复杂多变、污染物成分复杂、污染物排放量及环境影响较大。在新疆发展煤化工产业的过程中要量水而行,注意煤水资源匹配,杜绝缺水地盲目发展煤化工产业的苗头;采用先进工艺、清洁生产及循环经济理念,提高煤炭及副产物利用率,减少生产过程中的污染物排放;应充分关注配套污染治理技术的研究开发,做到污染治理技术与生产技术同步发展。     

感光材料废物对环境的污染问题及治理手段

感光材料在其生产过程中产生了大量的感光材料废物,对环境造成了严重污染,影响社会、经济的稳定发展,危及人类的身体健康.针对感光材料废物严重污染以及贵金属资源的大量流失的现状,提出加强宣传,增强全民环保意识,完善手续,加大执法监督力度等符合我国国情的治理对策.     

新疆牧草生产现状、市场分析与产业化途径

草业在国民经济和生态环境中具有重要的地位和作用。新疆草产业在技术水平、资金投入、经营方式与理念上,与兄弟行业相比都存在着较大差距,与兄弟省区和发达国家比较,差距更加明显。草产业的发展必须融入市场、必须走产业化道路。草业要提升发展层次,适应自治区发展现代畜牧业的新势头,应当强化草业行政管理;加大财政支持力度;制定优惠政策、扶持龙头企业;建立农牧民自己的合作组织;提高草业生产的科技含量,重视优良牧草种子的生产和推广。     

Including Public Perspectives in Industrial Biotechnology and the Biobased Economy

Industrial (“white”) biotechnology promises to contribute to a more sustainable future. Compared to current production processes, cases have been identified where industrial biotechnology can decrease the amount of energy and raw materials used to make products and also reduce the amount of emissions and waste produced during production. However, switching from products based on chemical production processes and fossil fuels towards “biobased” products is at present not necessarily economically viable. This is especially true for bulk products, for example ethanol production from biomass. Therefore, scientists are also turning to genetic modification as a means to develop organisms that can produce at lower costs. These include not only micro-organisms, but also organisms used in agriculture for food and feed.The use of genetic modification for “deliberate release” purposes, in particular, has met great opposition in Europe. Many industrial biotechnology applications may, due to their scale, entail deliberate releases of GM organisms. Thus, the biobased economy brings back a familiar question; is it ethically justifiable, and acceptable to citizens, to expose the environment and society to the risks associated with GM, in order to protect that same environment and to sustain our affluent way of life? For a successful innovation towards a biobased economy, its proponents, especially producers, need to take into account (take responsibility for) such issues when developing new products and processes. These issues, and how scientists can interact with citizens about them in a timely way, are further explored in projects at Delft University and Leiden University, also in collaboration with Utrecht University.     

溶剂型聚氨酯涂料废物热解特性及动力学研究

采用TG研究溶剂型聚氨酯涂料废物在不同升温速率、N2气氛影响下的热解特性规律。升温速率取5,10,20,30℃/min;气氛取N2气氛(50 m L/min);实验温度范围为20~800℃。研究表明,随着升温速率的增大,涂料废物热解反应各阶段起始温度、终止温度、最大失重速率温度均向高温方向移动。在500℃时,涂料废物的热分解已基本完成。运用Kissinger法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法进行热解动力学分析,得到溶剂型聚氨酯涂料废物热解阶段的表观活化能为196.053 3 kJ/mol。     

OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY - PROSPECTIVE RENEWABLE SOURCE OF POWER

This paper presents a general overview of the problems relating to the harnessing of ocean thermal energy. Emphasis is laid on resources, technology, and environmental impact. It is stressed that the production of power from ocean thermal energy is technologically feasible, economically competitive with other alternative energy systems and not unduly harmful to the environment. Discussion centers on an assessment of the exploitable energy contained in ocean thermal gradients as well as the fundamentals of the technology needed to utilize this potential energy source. The theory of operation, materials and construction considerations and biofouling are examined for the closed- and open-cycle ocean thermal plant designs. A historical review of attempts to harness this source of energy is presented with emphasis on current reasearch. The potential this energy source has for effects on and damage to the ocean environment is examined.