环境试验设备的组装式结构设计综述

本文内容包括:总体形式、拼板的种类和试室的系列扩型、连接框的形式和选用、拼板尺寸的设计原则,拼板各种连接方法的比较和选用、接缝的密封,拼板的材料和底板的负重、硬质聚氨酯泡沫的发泡等。     

典型大气环境玻璃钢天线罩聚氨酯涂层工艺老化行为研究

通过南海海洋大气环境、海南万宁湿热乡村大气环境、西藏拉萨高原大气环境户外大气暴露对玻璃钢基灭线罩聚氨酯涂层工艺进行了老化试验，运用光泽、颜色、粉化率、SEM等手段测试了涂层在户外大气暴露的性能变化和表面形貌，并进行对比分析。结果表明，在相同大气环境中，工艺玻璃钢板／雷达罩底漆／浅灰航天聚氨酯涂层耐候性能优于工艺玻璃钢板／环氧聚酰胺／弹性聚氨酯磁漆涂层的耐侯性能；对于同种工艺，西沙海洋大气环境对其耐侯性的影响最大，其次是万宁湿热乡村环境，拉萨高原环境影响较小；光照、温度、湿度是涂层老化的主要原因。     

含油污水对泡沫灭火剂性能的影响研究

将原油乳化于水中,配制了不同浓度的乳化油污水,对乳化油污水对泡沫灭火剂性能的影响进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:石油类浓度为30~120 mg/L的乳化油污水对泡沫灭火剂的发泡倍数、灭火时间和25%抗烧时间无明显影响。泡沫灭火剂的25%析液时间随污水中石油类浓度的增加逐渐缩短。使用石油类浓度为120 mg/L的污水配置的泡沫灭火剂可以满足灭火需求。     

清除水面、地面石油污染的方法(二)

<正> 三、用吸附材料清除水面上的浮油水面浮油层较薄,无法用机械收集时,通常使用吸附法。它与分散剂法的适用性不同,吸附法适用于收集厚度>0.1mm的浮油,而分散剂适用于厚度<0.1mm的浮油。目前所使用的浮油吸附材料可分为两大类:天然吸附材料(稻草、锯末、泥煤、活性炭、粉碎后的树皮、珍珠岩等)和化学合成吸附材料(聚氨酯泡沫、聚苯乙烯泡沫等)。由     

绿豆贡菊功能性饮料的研制

采用感官评定和正交试验法对绿豆贡菊功能性饮料的工艺和配方进行了探讨，确定绿豆贡菊功能性饮料的最佳配方，即绿豆液用量6％、贡菊液用量O．25％、柠檬酸用量0．025％、阿斯巴甜用量0．012％。该产品为淡黄色、澄清饮料，其主要功能成分为黄酮类物质，含量为1．08％，饮料pH为4．6，适用于高血脂症、动脉粥样硬化患者和普通人群食用。     

文摘

《丙烯酸粉末在摩托车轮的应用———《Ｐａｉｎｔ＆ＣｏａｔｉｎｇＩｎｄ．》１９９５，１１（９），４９～５０：讨论了丙烯酸粉末的构成，认为以下丙烯酸树脂配方适于摩托车轮：甲基丙烯酸二缩水甘油酯１５－３５％甲基丙烯酸丁酯５～１５％苯乙烯其余部分甲基丙烯酸甲...     

SNCR+SCR联合脱硝技术在煤粉炉的应用

SNCR+SCR联合脱硝技术是结合选择性非催化还原法(SNCR)技术投资低、选择性催化还原法(SCR)技术效率高的优点,有效避免选择性非催化还原法(SNCR)技术效率低、选择性催化还原法(SCR)技术投资高等缺点而发展起来的一种脱硝工艺技术。通过某厂410t/h高温高压煤粉锅炉脱硝项目案例,介绍了SNCR+SCR联合脱硝技术。其中SNCR技术的工艺设计包括用于确定喷射方案的计算流体动力模拟技术(Computational Fluid Dynamics,简称CFD)。     

减排制度保障进一步加强 “十二五”总量减排统计监测考核办法发布实施

近期,国务院办公厅转发了《"十二五"主要污染物总量减排考核办法》(以下简称《考核办法》),环境保护部、国家统计局、国家发展和改革委员会、监察部联合印发了《"十二五"主要污染物总量减排统计办法》(以下简称《统计办法》)、《"十二五"主要污染物总量减排监测办法》(以下简称《监测办法》)。     

除去空气污染物用的脱臭剂

将粉状粘土和二氧化硅与发泡剂(例如锯末或稻壳)混合并焙烧,而后适当涂上硅酮,使其具有疏水性,再按50～75∶25～50比与活性炭混合.实例:将含SiO_2和Al_2O_3各40％的粘土(按SiO_2计算500     

油茶皂素的制取工艺及脱色机理

油茶皂素的制取工艺及脱色机理曾馥平，谭云峰（中国科学院长沙农业现代化研究所，长沙４１０１２５）油茶皂素是从油茶饼粕中提取的三萜类化合物，是一种天然表面活性剂，其水溶液振荡后能产生持久性泡沫。据报道，在油茶饼粕中，油茶皂素含量高达２０％［１］。油茶是我...     

土壤中硫化物预处理方法的改进

通过对土壤中硫化物测定预处理方法━━━━氮气吹气法的试验装置、预处理酸度、温度、吹气时间及载气速度等条件的研究和改进。以多孔吹球代替单孔吹管 ,在土壤的水溶液中加入NaOH、EDTA和Vc ,以NaOH -EDTA -TEA(三乙醇胺)代替Zn(Ac)2-NaAc为吸收液 ,并采取了逐步加压吹气方法 ,通过对回收率、精密度及底泥对比试验 ,效果提高显著 ,回收率由原方法的40%～60 %提高到90 %以上 ,吹气时间缩短了20 % ,装置简单 ,便于推广应用。     

The Role of Faith-based Organizations in Environmental Governance: the Case of Forestry in Solomon Islands

Faith-based organizations (FBOs) have played a significant role in environment-related forms of development and governance in Melanesia, including the Solomon Islands. Yet despite their centrality, there remain significant gaps in understandings of processes and outcomes associated with FBO engagement in environment-related development interventions. This paper addresses this gap by analysing the place of the Christian Fellowship Church (CFC), an indigenous FBO active in plantation forestry (and other activities) in the Western Province in the Solomon Islands. We find that the CFC possesses impressive income-generating potential and political networks; however this does not always translate into positive social, economic or environmental outcomes at the village level. While FBOs such as CFC are often championed as playing an important role in environmental governance in an under-resourced nation state, the reality is that they can fall well short in delivering appropriate outcomes for poor communities or the environment despite, and because of, their close ties to target communities.     

油田冲砂清洁生产工艺的研究应用

针对传统的油井清砂方法易产生环境污染的现状,胜利采油厂对油田修井冲砂工艺进行了改进,通过改装设备;改进捞砂工艺等措施,自2000年1月至2001年11月,已经实施捞砂作业井417口,一次成功井373口,一次成功率为89.45%。工艺改进实施后,还节省了化学堵剂的使用;杜绝了油层污染;减轻了现场操作人员的劳动强度和冲砂事故发生率,初步实现了油田修井冲砂施工的清洁生产。     

Production of bio-fertilizer by biotransformation of poultry waste enriched with molasses and algae

This research work consists on valorizing poultry waste by biotransformation into biofertilizers, associating this agro-industrial waste with algae (abundant natural resources) and molasses (a by-product of the sugar refining industry) ensuring a good contribution of nutritional chemical elements and obtaining a balanced formulation. A total of seven different formulations of the above three components, were examined in a simplex centroid design. A fungal inoculum of Aspergillus niger was used as a fermentation agent for better quality of biotransformation. The monitoring of this biotransformation is ensured during 15 days by following the evolution of physicochemical and microbiological parameters and, to understand the bioconversion of the simple compounds of the biofertilizer mixture such as short aliphatic chains, sugar, and amino acids into soluble mineral compounds, a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was carried out before and after biotransformation. Finally, germination and fertilization tests were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the final product on a barley crop. The overall results of the present study showed that the mixture which contained 68.75% poultry waste, 12.5% molasses, and 18.75% algae presented the better microbiological and chemical safety criteria required for a good biofertilizer according to NF U44-551 standard.     

An unconventional method for the recovery of caustic soda from spent Al-rich pickling solutions

This work presents an unconventional procedure for the recovery of spent Al-rich caustic soda solutions from the pickling of dies for the production of aluminium extrusions. Caustic soda was regenerated at roughly 70%, by precipitating aluminate, after addition of a silica source, in the form of zeolite A, a microporous material that is widely used in many technological sectors. It was shown that the process is reliable and can be repeated for several cycles, provided the concentration of the caustic soda solution is suitably restored. The by-product obtained, zeolite A, proved to be a high-grade material with performance as a cation exchanger and physical sorbent that is certainly comparable to that reported in literature (e.g., cation exchange capacity equal to 5.14 meq g(-1) vs. 5.48 meq g(-1) and water vapour adsorption capacity of 26.5% vs. 27.6% at 16 torr and 298 K). The economics of the process, although not examined yet, would appear generally favourable, considering that zeolite A is a valuable by-product which widely covers the costs for the recovery of the spent solutions. There are, therefore, significant prospects for the use of zeolite A, particularly as a builder in detergent formulation.     

Greening Nigeria's economy for industrial and environmental sustainability: Polyurethane production as a test case

The study focused on Nigeria's polyurethane (PU) production process as a test case. Though it is currently insignificant when viewed from a global perspective, PU production in Nigeria is not eco‐friendly. Traditionally, PU is produced by reacting petro‐based polyol with a poly‐isocyanate, which is made from amines and phosgene and are currently imported into the country. These two materials are detrimental to the human health and environment, indicating that Nigeria's PU industries need to re‐examine their production inputs for environmental compliance. The objective of this study is to review the PU industry for nontoxic reagents that could be sourced locally vis‐à‐vis overcoming sustainable development (greening the economy) challenges in Nigeria. Non‐isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) is preferred to petro‐polyurethane because, in comparison, NIPU has improved thermal and chemical resistance, porosity and water absorption, and is less toxic. Engaging local resources to produce PU is economically feasible; in addition, NIPU is relatively advantageous to human health and the environment. Aside from being economically feasible, production of NIPU in Nigeria has the propensity to greatly enlarge the growth of the existing PU industry to tremendous heights and contribute to diversifying and improving the overall economy.     

驱排剂解堵工艺的研究与应用

吐哈温米油田属于低孔、低渗、低产能油藏,原油含蜡量、沥青质较高,油井的近井地带结垢严重。文章介绍了驱排剂的解堵作用原理、酸化工作液配方、驱排剂解堵工艺技术和现场应用效果。研究结果表明,驱排剂解堵工艺技术对解除油井的堵塞具有良好的效果,对提高油井的产液能力有重要作用,同时又是低渗透油田增产的一种新工艺。从2004年7月份开始,温米油田利用驱排剂解堵后油井平均单井日增油量3.0t,日增液量21.0t,动液面平均上升400.00m,平均单井有效生产期为90天以上。     

Combined chemical and biological oxidation of penicillin formulation effluent

Antibiotic formulation effluent is well known for its important contribution to environmental pollution due to its fluctuating and recalcitrant nature. In the present study, the chemical treatability of penicillin formulation effluent (average filtered COD(o)=830 mg/l; average soluble COD(o)=615 mg/l; pH(o)=6.9) bearing the active substances penicillin Amoxicillin Trihydrate (C(16)H(19)N(3)O(5)S.3H(2)O) and the beta-lactamase inhibitor Potassium Clavulanate (C(8)H(8)KNO(5)) has been investigated. For this purpose, the penicillin formulation effluent was subjected to ozonation (applied ozone dose=2500 mg/(lxh)) at varying pH (2.5-12.0) and O(3)+H(2)O(2) (perozonation) at different initial H(2)O(2) concentrations (=2-40 mM) and pH 10.5. According to the experimental results, the overall Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal efficiency varied between 10 and 56% for ozonation and 30% (no H(2)O(2)) and 83% (20 mM H(2)O(2)) for the O(3)+H(2)O(2) process. The addition of H(2)O(2) improved the COD removal rates considerably even at the lowest studied H(2)O(2) concentration. An optimum H(2)O(2) concentration of 20 mM existed at which the highest COD removal efficiency and abatement kinetics were obtained. The ozone absorption rate ranged between 53% (ozonation) and 68% (perozonation). An ozone input of 800 mg/l in 20 min was sufficient to achieve the highest BOD(5)/COD (biodegradability) ratio (=0.45) and BOD(5) value (109 mg/l) for the pre-treated penicillin formulation effluent. After the establishment of optimum ozonation and perozonation conditions, mixtures of synthetic domestic wastewater+raw, ozonated and perozonated penicillin formulation effluent were subjected to biological activated sludge treatment at a food-to-microorganisms (F/M) ratio of 0.23 mg COD/(mg MLSSxd), using a consortium of acclimated microorganisms. COD removal efficiencies of the activated sludge process were 71, 81 and 72% for pharmaceutical wastewater containing synthetic domestic wastewater mixed with either raw, ozonated or perozonated formulation effluent, respectively. The ultimate COD value obtained after 24-h biotreatment of the synthetic domestic wastewater+pre-ozonated formulation effluent mixture was around 100 mg/l instead of 180 mg/l which was the final COD obtained for the wastewater mixture containing raw formulation effluent, indicating that pre-ozonation at least partially removed the non-biodegradable COD fraction of the formulation effluent.     

预膜过滤技术在采油污水处理中的应用

详细介绍了新开发的FDF300型过滤工艺,并通过试验验证了自行研制的新型GM助剂在FDF型过滤器中应用的工艺条件,考察了助剂用量、型号、预膜时间以及空气反吹脱渣时间、反吹压力等因素对过滤效果的影响。结果表明,选用150gGM3助剂,预膜时间约20 min,空气反吹脱渣时间5 min,反吹压力0.35 MPa等工艺条件,可以获得理想的过滤效果,解决了长期困扰油田采油污水含油量和机械杂质不达标的难题。     

Effects of bed materials on the performance of an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor treating domestic sewage

The objective of this study was to determine the best performance of an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (AnSBBR) based on the use of four different bed materials as support for biomass immobilization. The bed materials utilized were polyurethane foam (PU), vegetal carbon (VC), synthetic pumice (SP), and recycled low-density polyethylene (PE). The AnSBBR, with a total volume of 7.2L, was operated in 8-h batch cycles over 10 months, and fed with domestic sewage with an average influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 358+/-110mg/L. The average effluent COD values were 121+/-31, 208+/-54, 233+/-52, and 227+/-51mg/L, for PU, VC, SP, and PE, respectively. A modified first-order kinetic model was adjusted to temporal profiles of COD during a batch cycle, and the apparent kinetic constants were 0.52+/-0.05, 0.37+/-0.05, 0.80+/-0.04, and 0.30+/-0.02h(-1) for PU, VC, SP, and PE, respectively. Specific substrate utilization rates of 1.08, 0.11, and 0.86mg COD/mgVS day were obtained for PU, VC, and PE, respectively. Although SP yielded the highest kinetic coefficient, PU was considered the best support, since SP presented loss of chemical constituents during the reactor's operational phase. In addition, findings on the microbial community were associated with the reactor's performance data. Although PE did not show a satisfactory performance, an interesting microbial diversity was found on its surface. Based on the morphology and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) results, PE showed the best capacity for promoting the attachment of methanogenic organisms, and is therefore a material that merits further analysis. PU was considered the most suitable material showing the best performance in terms of efficiency of solids and COD removal.